不(bu)(bu)成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事例是(shi)(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)而不(bu)(bu)倒(dao)、實施(shi)定向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)后(hou)沒有(you)按爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)倒(dao)塌等等。這些事例警示(shi):從爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)(she)計(ji)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器材質量、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)工(gong)到起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路連接等，只要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)一個環節出(chu)現(xian)失誤，都(dou)將(jiang)影(ying)響(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)，乃至造(zao)成嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果(guo)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作業無論是(shi)(shi)老舊建筑物(wu)(wu)本身還是(shi)(shi)周圍環境都(dou)十分(fen)復雜，這不(bu)(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)認真調查爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(包括施(shi)工(gong)缺陷)，分(fen)析(xi)受力(li)狀況，同(tong)時還要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)采取技術(shu)措施(shi)(如預(yu)處理、嵌(qian)補、支撐等)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠和安全性(xing)進行(xing)分(fen)析(xi)，對(dui)可能出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意外情況，應(ying)預(yu)先制定應(ying)急方(fang)(fang)案，努力(li)避(bi)免安全事故和不(bu)(bu)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失。工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)性(xing)越來越受到人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注，同(tong)時，探索無公害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拆(chai)除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)，一直是(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)作者追求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標。設(she)(she)立掩蔽體(ti)對(dui)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)加以保(bao)護(hu)，簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法是(shi)(shi)用草袋(dai)、竹笆一類材料覆蓋在需要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)上面(mian);對(dui)房(fang)屋和機(ji)器設(she)(she)備(bei)常要(yao)(yao)(yao)在迎面(mian)和頂(ding)部豎立排架，用木(mu)板或(huo)荊笆上罩鐵絲網，抵(di)御較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛石和較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣沖擊波的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊;對(dui)某些重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)(wu)打防震孔或(huo)者用預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)將(jiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)區和被保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑物(wu)(wu)或(huo)工(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)施(shi)隔離開(kai)來。

我國于1983年制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水(shui)(shui)工建(jian)(jian)筑物巖行基礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工程施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為(wei)必須進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)保(bao)護邊(bian)坡質量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此后在此基礎(chu)上修訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)工建(jian)(jian)筑物巖石基礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工程施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工程施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)工建(jian)(jian)筑物巖石基礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工程施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均(jun)被(bei)編(bian)入(ru)并有(you)所改(gai)進(jin)(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)凡(fan)是Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)巖石邊(bian)坡，設計(ji)邊(bian)坡坡度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊(bian)坡部位(wei)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計(ji)和施(shi)(shi)工都應(ying)(ying)采用光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或(huo)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)原則和參數、安全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路(lu)塹邊(bian)坡光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質量(liang)驗收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和檢測(ce)方法。無疑(yi)該(gai)規(gui)程的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和促進(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在鐵路(lu)建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用與(yu)發展。

聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體、引信(xin)和(he)(he)(he)支架等部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，其作(zuo)用及對(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包威(wei)力的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述如下。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)是(shi)(shi)(shi)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)壓越(yue)大(da)，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力越(yue)大(da)；為(wei)得到高爆(bao)壓，需高爆(bao)速、高密度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)。常用炸(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)梯恩(en)梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)等，裝方(fang)法(fa)有(you)熔鑄(zhu)，塑(su)裝和(he)(he)(he)壓裝多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)(shi)(shi)把(ba)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成(cheng)罩(zhao)體材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提高其穿透和(he)(he)(he)切割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)必須滿足四(si)點(dian)要求，即(ji)可(ke)壓縮性(xing)小(xiao)、密度高、塑(su)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)延(yan)展性(xing)好(hao)，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大(da)量(liang)試驗證明，用紫銅制作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效(xiao)果好(hao)，其次為(wei)鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和(he)(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用于(yu)切割屬板(ban)材的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)用于(yu)切割管材的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔(qiang)和(he)(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷(fu)設(she)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可(ke)在空(kong)腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)獲得極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)。在工程中(zhong)(zhong)常用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。

水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)較(jiao)水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)(zai)周邊眼(yan)單(dan)循(xun)環火(huo)工(gong)品使用(yong)(yong)量上節約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔數量從(cong)39個下降為23個費用(yong)(yong)節約(yue)41%，混(hun)凝土噴射每(mei)延米節約(yue)1.37立方米。水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)比水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循(xun)環節約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延米節約(yue)76較(jiao)元，節約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有(you)效降低(di)隧道內石渣塊度和粉塵含量，還(huan)可(ke)使通風(feng)時間(jian)有(you)效縮短(duan)33%。聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術很(hen)(hen)成熟(shu)、可(ke)操(cao)作性很(hen)(hen)強、材料成本(ben)很(hen)(hen)低(di)、施(shi)工(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快、節能(neng)(neng)環保效果很(hen)(hen)顯著、經(jing)濟效益社(she)會效益很(hen)(hen)高。聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術是(shi)近幾年發展起(qi)來的(de)(de)一項掘(jue)進新技(ji)(ji)術,這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術與(yu)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術有(you)一定的(de)(de)差別,聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)原理是(shi)在(zai)(zai)巷道周邊眼(yan)中(zhong)(zhong),將炸(zha)裝在(zai)(zai)聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時利(li)用(yong)(yong)聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)聚能(neng)(neng)作用(yong)(yong),以減(jian)少裂隙(xi)的(de)(de)數量和控制優勢裂隙(xi)的(de)(de)發展方向。

火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)，導(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用導(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)傳遞(di)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)焰(yan)點燃(ran)(ran)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥(yao)。這種起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)所(suo)需(xu)的材(cai)料(liao)有：導(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)、火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管和(he)點火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)材(cai)料(liao)。導(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)操(cao)作簡單(dan)、靈活(huo)，使用方便，成本較低(di)，廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)小型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破和(he)掘進。由于(yu)導(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)的速燃(ran)(ran)、緩燃(ran)(ran)等(deng)弊病，在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中事故所(suo)占(zhan)比重(zhong)最大。不能多處裝藥(yao)同時(shi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)，用導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)直接起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥(yao)包的方法(fa)(fa)叫導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。先用雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)，當導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波傳至炸藥(yao)包時(shi)，將(jiang)炸藥(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需(xu)要延時(shi)分(fen)段起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的地(di)方，將(jiang)導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)中接入繼(ji)(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管，就能達到導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)毫(hao)秒(miao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破的目的。這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破法(fa)(fa)所(suo)需(xu)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材(cai)料(liao)有：雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)和(he)繼(ji)(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管等(deng)。導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路常用的有：串(chuan)聯、簇并(bing)聯、單(dan)向(xiang)分(fen)段并(bing)聯和(he)雙向(xiang)分(fen)段并(bing)聯等(deng)。

我國20世紀60年代利用斷裂力學對巖石損傷引起的裂紋擴展進行過試驗研究，深孔爆破多向聚能管公司為聚能爆破技術應用到工程做了不少理論分析，也取得一些進展。80年代中期開始進行應用研究，以北京礦業學院為代表，著重研究了聚能藥包切割饑理和應用。1987年淮南礦業學院取得“雙面切割器”的zhuanli，1995年又取得“大理石花崗巖切割技術應用”zhuanli。1991年中國水電七局曾試圖采用硬質紙加工聚能藥管成形聚能藥卷做過聚能預裂爆破試驗研究，深孔爆破多向聚能管公司但(dan)終因當時(shi)的技術(shu)(shu)及工藝水平的限制無法用于正常施工，但(dan)是他們開(kai)了橢圓雙(shuang)極線(xian)性聚(ju)能結構(gou)試驗(yan)的先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)能預裂與光面(mian)爆(bao)破綜合技術(shu)(shu)開(kai)創輪廓控制爆(bao)破新時(shi)代。