聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼(ke)體(ti)、引信和(he)(he)支(zhi)架等(deng)部(bu)分組成，其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)及對聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威(wei)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是(shi)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆破的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆壓越大，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力(li)越大；為(wei)得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有(you)(you)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)等(deng)，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)(you)熔鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)(he)壓裝(zhuang)多種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)射流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提(ti)高其(qi)穿透和(he)(he)切割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料必須(xu)滿足四點(dian)要求，即可壓縮性(xing)小、密(mi)度高、塑性(xing)和(he)(he)延展性(xing)好，在形(xing)(xing)成射流(liu)中(zhong)不汽化。大量試驗(yan)證明，用(yong)(yong)(yong)紫銅(tong)制(zhi)作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效果(guo)好，其(qi)次為(wei)鑄鐵、鋼和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多種(zhong)多樣，主要有(you)(you)軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)、拋物(wu)線形(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于切割屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于切割管材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)心對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)心有(you)(you)球形(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)(he)球形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時起(qi)爆，可在空腔中(zhong)心點(dian)獲得極大的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)。在工(gong)程中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

無錫爆破多向聚能管不成功的事例是有的，如爆而不倒、實施定向爆破后沒有按爆破方案的方向倒塌等等。這些事例警示:從爆破設計、爆破器材質量、爆破施工到起爆網路連接等，只要有一個環節出現失誤，都將影響爆破工程的效果，乃至造成嚴重的后果。爆破多向聚能管公司爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業無(wu)論是(shi)老(lao)舊建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)本身還是(shi)周圍環境都十分復雜，這不(bu)僅要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)認真調查(cha)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)體(ti)(ti)的(de)結構(包(bao)括(kuo)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分析受(shou)(shou)力(li)狀(zhuang)況，同時還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)采取技(ji)術措施(如預(yu)處理、嵌(qian)補、支撐等(deng))的(de)可靠和(he)(he)安全(quan)性進(jin)行分析，對(dui)可能(neng)出現的(de)意外(wai)情況，應預(yu)先(xian)制(zhi)定(ding)應急方案，努力(li)避免(mian)安全(quan)事故和(he)(he)不(bu)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)損失。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)環保性越(yue)來越(yue)受(shou)(shou)到人(ren)們的(de)關注(zhu)，同時，探索無(wu)公(gong)害(hai)的(de)拆(chai)除爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術，一直是(shi)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者追(zhui)求(qiu)的(de)目標。設(she)立(li)(li)掩蔽體(ti)(ti)對(dui)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)加以保護(hu)，簡單的(de)辦法是(shi)用草袋、竹笆一類材料(liao)覆蓋在需要(yao)(yao)保護(hu)的(de)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)上(shang)面;對(dui)房屋(wu)和(he)(he)機器設(she)備常(chang)要(yao)(yao)在迎面和(he)(he)頂部豎立(li)(li)排架，用木(mu)板或(huo)荊笆上(shang)罩鐵絲網，抵御較多的(de)飛石(shi)和(he)(he)較強的(de)空氣沖擊波的(de)打擊;對(dui)某些(xie)重要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)打防震孔或(huo)者用預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)將爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)區和(he)(he)被保護(hu)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)施隔離開來。

是(shi)由管(guan)(guan)體、前(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)、后(hou)定格(ge)(ge)堵構成，管(guan)(guan)體為(wei)塑(su)性材料制成，呈(cheng)管(guan)(guan)狀，管(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)小于正常炮(pao)(pao)(pao)眼(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，長度(du)可(ke)隨(sui)爆破需要生(sheng)產，管(guan)(guan)體兩(liang)端(duan)各(ge)有(you)(you)外(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)(luo)紋，兩(liang)端(duan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)(luo)紋間(jian)有(you)(you)一縱向(xiang)切(qie)(qie)縫(feng)，切(qie)(qie)縫(feng)間(jian)等距有(you)(you)加(jia)強筋，前(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)呈(cheng)傘(san)狀，傘(san)形(xing)尖(jian)有(you)(you)一光孔，兩(liang)側直(zhi)壁內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)螺(luo)(luo)紋，與管(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)端(duan)螺(luo)(luo)紋配(pei)合(he)，帽(mao)(mao)體外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)體，后(hou)定格(ge)(ge)堵為(wei)一封(feng)蓋，外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，與前(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一致，后(hou)定格(ge)(ge)堵內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)螺(luo)(luo)紋，與管(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)后(hou)端(duan)螺(luo)(luo)紋配(pei)合(he)。可(ke)根據炮(pao)(pao)(pao)眼(yan)深(shen)度(du)采用合(he)適的聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)體，不(bu)需其(qi)他工具幫助送(song)入炮(pao)(pao)(pao)眼(yan)，切(qie)(qie)縫(feng)方(fang)向(xiang)準確，兩(liang)端(duan)的前(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)和后(hou)定格(ge)(ge)堵外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)與炮(pao)(pao)(pao)眼(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一致，保證聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)體同心，定向(xiang)準確。且利于工業化(hua)生(sheng)產，作業安(an)全(quan)

我(wo)國(guo)20世(shi)紀60年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)利用(yong)(yong)斷裂力(li)學(xue)對巖石損傷引(yin)起(qi)的(de)裂紋擴展進(jin)行過試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)研究，為聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆破技(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)到工程做了(le)(le)不少(shao)理論分析，也取得一(yi)些進(jin)展。80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)中期開始進(jin)行應用(yong)(yong)研究，以北京礦業(ye)學(xue)院為代(dai)(dai)(dai)表，著重(zhong)研究了(le)(le)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)包切割(ge)饑理和應用(yong)(yong)。1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)淮南礦業(ye)學(xue)院取得“雙(shuang)面(mian)切割(ge)器”的(de)zhuanli，1995年(nian)(nian)(nian)又取得“大理石花崗巖切割(ge)技(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)(nian)(nian)中國(guo)水(shui)電七(qi)局曾(ceng)試(shi)(shi)圖采用(yong)(yong)硬質(zhi)紙加工聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管成形聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)卷做過聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)預(yu)裂爆破試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)研究，但(dan)終因當(dang)時的(de)技(ji)術(shu)及工藝水(shui)平(ping)的(de)限制(zhi)無法用(yong)(yong)于(yu)正常施(shi)工，但(dan)是他(ta)們開了(le)(le)橢圓(yuan)雙(shuang)極(ji)線性聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)結構試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)預(yu)裂與光面(mian)爆破綜合技(ji)術(shu)開創輪廓控制(zhi)爆破新時代(dai)(dai)(dai)。

水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術基礎(chu)上發展起來的(de)一項新技術，其掏槽眼(yan)、輔助眼(yan)裝(zhuang)藥結構和爆(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)式與水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)相同，但(dan)在周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)中安裝(zhuang)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)線(xian)性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥管替代常規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)藥卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)線(xian)，利用(yong)(yong)線(xian)性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥管產生的(de)粒子射流動(dong)能(neng)、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣體應力及“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)，形(xing)成平(ping)整圓(yuan)順的(de)開挖輪(lun)廓面(mian)(mian)(mian)，對控制超欠挖具有(you)良好效(xiao)果，有(you)效(xiao)提升了隧(sui)道施工質量(liang)、進度(du)和經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益。水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)較水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)單循環(huan)火工品使(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)上節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)數量(liang)從39個下降為23個費(fei)用(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米節(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米。聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)比(bi)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)每循環(huan)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即(ji)每延米節(jie)(jie)約(yue)76較元(yuan)，節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)比(bi)例達32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)降低隧(sui)道內石(shi)渣塊度(du)和粉塵含量(liang)，還可使(shi)通風時(shi)間有(you)效(xiao)縮(suo)短33%。

發揮(hui)巨大(da)效力(li)的(de)關(guan)鍵又在其上(shang)面的(de)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽”上(shang)。項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)部目(mu)(mu)(mu)前采用的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)有兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽”，通過這兩個(ge)(ge)聚(ju)能(neng)槽的(de)作用讓爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)威力(li)在隧道中切(qie)割出(chu)十分(fen)平順的(de)輪廓(kuo)線，的(de)控(kong)制了(le)(le)(le)爆(bao)(bao)破量(liang)，有效管(guan)控(kong)了(le)(le)(le)超挖欠挖的(de)現象。為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)進(jin)一步嚴格控(kong)制開挖輪廓(kuo)，達到(dao)(dao)提高光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破效果的(de)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)，并研究(jiu)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)上(shang)兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽”變為(wei)(wei)三個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)能(neng)槽”的(de)發明設(she)(she)計，目(mu)(mu)(mu)前，該發明設(she)(she)計已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)進(jin)入到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)試(shi)生(sheng)產階段。未來，三“聚(ju)能(neng)槽”設(she)(she)計的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破技術將推動中鐵十四局四公(gong)司張吉懷(huai)鐵路(lu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)部施工(gong)開展(zhan)邁上(shang)一個(ge)(ge)新的(de)臺階，給項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)部帶來巨大(da)的(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效益。工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)破技術經(jing)(jing)過幾(ji)十年的(de)發展(zhan)，已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)滲(shen)透到(dao)(dao)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)眾多(duo)領域，特別為(wei)(wei)中國的(de)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)、礦山開采、城市拆舊(jiu)定向爆(bao)(bao)破等做出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)重要貢獻。