我國于1983年(nian)制定(ding)了《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖行基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此,在水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)建設中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)已成為必須(xu)進行的保護邊(bian)(bian)坡質(zhi)量的爆(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此后在此基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上(shang)修訂的《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖石基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利爆(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL/T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物巖石基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL/T 5389~2007)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)均被(bei)編(bian)入并有(you)所改進,DL/T 5135—2001正(zheng)在修編(bian)為DL/T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也不僅(jin)規(gui)定(ding)了凡是Ⅲ級以上(shang)的巖石邊(bian)(bian)坡,設計邊(bian)(bian)坡坡度為1:0.1~1:0.75,在邊(bian)(bian)坡部位的爆(bao)破(po)(po)設計和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po),并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設計的原則和(he)(he)參(can)數、安(an)全措施(shi)(shi),而且還(huan)明確了路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)項(xiang)目質(zhi)量驗收檢(jian)測數量和(he)(he)檢(jian)測方(fang)法(fa)。無疑該規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的實施(shi)(shi),有(you)力地推動(dong)和(he)(he)促(cu)進了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在鐵路建設中(zhong)的應用與發展。
我國(guo)20世紀60年(nian)代利(li)用(yong)斷裂力學(xue)對巖石(shi)損(sun)傷引起的(de)裂紋擴(kuo)展(zhan)進(jin)(jin)行過(guo)(guo)試驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),為(wei)聚(ju)能(neng)爆(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)到工程做了(le)不少理(li)(li)論分析,也取得一些(xie)進(jin)(jin)展(zhan)。80年(nian)代中(zhong)期(qi)開(kai)(kai)始進(jin)(jin)行應(ying)(ying)用(yong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),以北京(jing)礦業學(xue)院為(wei)代表,著重(zhong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)了(le)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)包切割饑理(li)(li)和應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。1987年(nian)淮(huai)南(nan)礦業學(xue)院取得“雙面(mian)(mian)切割器(qi)”的(de)zhuanli,1995年(nian)又取得“大理(li)(li)石(shi)花崗巖切割技(ji)術(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)水電七局曾(ceng)試圖采用(yong)硬質紙加工聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管成形聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)卷(juan)做過(guo)(guo)聚(ju)能(neng)預裂爆(bao)破試驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu),但終因當時的(de)技(ji)術(shu)及工藝水平(ping)的(de)限制(zhi)無法用(yong)于正(zheng)常施(shi)工,但是他們(men)開(kai)(kai)了(le)橢圓雙極線(xian)性聚(ju)能(neng)結構試驗的(de)先河。雙聚(ju)能(neng)預裂與光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破綜(zong)合技(ji)術(shu)開(kai)(kai)創(chuang)輪廓控(kong)制(zhi)爆(bao)破新時代。
在鐵路、礦山、水庫等大型工程中,爆破多向聚能管公司爆破技術的作用很關鍵很重要。采礦修路的開山挖隧道,城市對舊建筑物的拆除,都會用到爆破技術。隨著經濟的發展、工程建設的增多,專用爆破多向聚能管爆(bao)破引起了人們(men)更多的(de)(de)關注。爆(bao)破聚(ju)能管作(zuo)為一種(zhong)(zhong)科學(xue)技術,應用(yong)(yong)很廣(guang),但在(zai)工(gong)程上的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)無疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)重要(yao)、常見的(de)(de),采礦(kuang)開山(shan),修(xiu)鐵(tie)路(lu)、公路(lu)用(yong)(yong)鉆爆(bao)法來(lai)開掘隧道,水利(li)工(gong)程上也用(yong)(yong)一些(xie),城市(shi)里(li)面也使用(yong)(yong)了,拆除樓房。利(li)用(yong)(yong)炸爆(bao)炸產(chan)生的(de)(de)巨大(da)能量破壞某種(zhong)(zhong)物體的(de)(de)原結(jie)構(gou),這種(zhong)(zhong)"破壞"效果不(bu)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)他方(fang)法能代替的(de)(de),它雖然不(bu)是(shi)(shi)獨(du)立完成(cheng)一個(ge)工(gong)程,但卻是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)重要(yao)的(de)(de)工(gong)序(xu),特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)石方(fang)開挖、礦(kuang)山(shan)開采等工(gong)程缺少了這個(ge)工(gong)序(xu)還不(bu)行。中(zhong)國目前有發(fa)達(da)的(de)(de)鐵(tie)路(lu)和公路(lu)交通網,可以想(xiang)(xiang)象,當初在(zai)修(xiu)這些(xie)路(lu)的(de)(de)時候會遇到許多高山(shan)峻嶺,一座大(da)山(shan)橫在(zai)兩(liang)地之間(jian),想(xiang)(xiang)要(yao)修(xiu)路(lu),就必(bi)須(xu)讓這座山(shan)消失,這個(ge)時候聚(ju)能管爆(bao)破就起到決定性作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)了。
聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)碎(sui)法特點是(shi):不(bu)(bu)需要打(da)眼(yan)(yan),因(yin)而不(bu)(bu)需要購買打(da)眼(yan)(yan)設備和(he)動力(li)設備;施工(gong)簡單,施工(gong)進度比(bi)(bi)淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)法快安全性比(bi)(bi)普通(tong)淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)法和(he)普通(tong)裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)法好;勞動強度比(bi)(bi)淺(qian)眼(yan)(yan)爆破(po)(po)法低。制造聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)所采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you):黑(hei)索金和(he)梯恩梯混(hun)(hun)合熔鑄(zhu)型;乳化油炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)黑(hei)索金混(hun)(hun)裝型和(he)二號巖石(shi)硝鉸炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制型。根(gen)據使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果證明(ming),選用(yong)(yong)密度較(jiao)大(da)(da)和(he)爆速(su)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制造聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)獲(huo)得較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)碎(sui)效果。這主要是(shi)由于(yu)它加(jia)工(gong)簡單和(he)破(po)(po)碎(sui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)較(jiao)大(da)(da)。在(zai)礦山由于(yu)二次破(po)(po)碎(sui)消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)較(jiao)多,而且金屬藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)費工(gong)又費材料,所以多不(bu)(bu)采用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型罩(zhao)。國內生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種用(yong)(yong)于(yu)破(po)(po)碎(sui)大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao),裝置聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)時,要將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)垂直裝在(zai)大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頂面(mian)上,聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)位置應(ying)選在(zai)頂面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何中心或附近較(jiao)平整的(de)(de)(de)(de)地點。然后在(zai)上面(mian)覆蓋泥(ni)沙。