水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)基礎上發展(zhan)起來的一項新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)，其掏槽眼(yan)、輔助眼(yan)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)結構和(he)(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)式與水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)相同，但在周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)中安裝(zhuang)專用(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)替(ti)代常規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)藥(yao)卷和(he)(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線，利(li)用(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)產生的粒子射流(liu)動(dong)能(neng)、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)氣體應力及“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)，形成(cheng)平整圓順的開挖(wa)輪(lun)廓面(mian)(mian)，對控制超欠挖(wa)具有良好(hao)效果(guo)，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和(he)(he)經濟效益。水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)較(jiao)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)單循環(huan)(huan)火工品使用(yong)(yong)量上節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)數(shu)量從39個(ge)下降(jiang)為23個(ge)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米(mi)。聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)比水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)每循環(huan)(huan)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)約(yue)76較(jiao)元(yuan)，節(jie)(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)比例達(da)32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)有效降(jiang)低隧道內石渣塊度和(he)(he)粉塵含量，還可使通風時間有效縮短33%。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)在(zai)炮(pao)孔(kong)兩端(duan)填充水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)，中(zhong)間裝上(shang)(shang)乳化(hua)炸，炮(pao)孔(kong)再用炮(pao)泥(ni)封(feng)死，炮(pao)孔(kong)間距很大，兩個(ge)(ge)炮(pao)空之間相距了一米左右(you)，是(shi)常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的炮(pao)孔(kong)間距的兩倍，這樣(yang)可以(yi)節省炮(pao)孔(kong)材料，這兩個(ge)(ge)凹槽(cao)又稱為(wei)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)非常(chang)重要，放(fang)置(zhi)的位置(zhi)和方(fang)向都十(shi)分講(jiang)究，一點也不能(neng)(neng)(neng)出錯(cuo)，在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的瞬間，高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)壓(ya)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)射(she)流立即往凹槽(cao)兩邊的巖石(shi)進(jin)行切(qie)(qie)割(ge)，巖石(shi)如同豆(dou)腐一樣(yang)輕松被切(qie)(qie)割(ge)切(qie)(qie)割(ge)出來的輪(lun)廓線(xian)十(shi)分平順(shun)，效果極(ji)好，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)沒有降(jiang)低爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的效果，反而能(neng)(neng)(neng)保護隧道周(zhou)邊植被，減少地質擾動(dong)，降(jiang)低煙塵(chen)，重要的是(shi)節省炸成(cheng)本，在(zai)未來這項技術會(hui)廣泛應用于工程中(zhong)，降(jiang)低施工成(cheng)本。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在(zai)周(zhou)邊眼(yan)單循環火工品使(shi)用量(liang)上(shang)(shang)節約(yue)費(fei)用8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)數量(liang)從39個(ge)(ge)下降(jiang)為(wei)23個(ge)(ge)費(fei)用節約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射(she)每延米節約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米。

我國于1983年制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)行基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在水(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成為(wei)必須進(jin)行的(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此后在此基(ji)礎(chu)上修訂的(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)石基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖(yan)石基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)(zhong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均(jun)被編入并有(you)所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部(bu)(bu)也不僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)巖(yan)石邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)，設(she)計邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)部(bu)(bu)位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)計的(de)原則和(he)(he)參數(shu)、安全措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測(ce)數(shu)量和(he)(he)檢測(ce)方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地(di)推動(dong)和(he)(he)促進(jin)了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在鐵(tie)路建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)與(yu)發展。

預(yu)裂(lie)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術的歷史(shi)與(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀：預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)是沿設計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布置(zhi)密集炮(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)取不耦合裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填低(di)威力炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之(zhi)(zhi)前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從(cong)而在(zai)(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)(yu)保(bao)留(liu)區之(zhi)(zhi)間形成(cheng)預(yu)裂(lie)縫，以減(jian)弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖(yan)體的破(po)壞并形成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)是沿設計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布設密集炮(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)用不耦合裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)或(huo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填低(di)威力炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的以形成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)的開(kai)挖輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術的發展是先出現(xian)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)。聚能管國內歷史(shi)與(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀，我國于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)湖北陸水水電站施工中(zhong)(zhong)做過淺(qian)孔(kong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵道部(bu)門在(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)昆(kun)鐵路建設中(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)始(shi)試(shi)驗光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)西延線張家船工點(dian)，全長近(jin)200m的2000m2路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)全部(bu)采(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)后(hou)邊(bian)坡(po)平(ping)整(zheng)穩定，殘留(liu)的半孔(kong)清晰可(ke)見，是鐵路建設中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)用路塹(qian)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)。

水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周邊眼單循環火工(gong)品(pin)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)上節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)費用(yong)8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔數(shu)量(liang)從(cong)39個下降為23個費用(yong)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)41%，混凝土噴(pen)射每(mei)延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1.37立方米(mi)(mi)。水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每(mei)循環節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)費用(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)76較元，節(jie)約(yue)(yue)(yue)費用(yong)比例達32%。此外(wai)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)降低隧道(dao)(dao)內(nei)石渣塊度(du)和粉塵含量(liang)，還可(ke)使(shi)通(tong)風時間(jian)有(you)效(xiao)縮短(duan)33%。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)藝技術很(hen)成(cheng)熟、可(ke)操作性很(hen)強、材料成(cheng)本很(hen)低、施工(gong)速度(du)很(hen)快、節(jie)能(neng)環保效(xiao)果很(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)益(yi)社(she)會效(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)高。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術是(shi)近幾年發展起(qi)來(lai)的一項(xiang)掘進(jin)新技術,這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術與傳統的光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術有(you)一定(ding)的差別,聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理是(shi)在巷(xiang)道(dao)(dao)周邊眼中(zhong),將炸裝在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)中(zhong)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時利用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)作用(yong),以減少裂隙(xi)的數(shu)量(liang)和控制(zhi)優勢裂隙(xi)的發展方向(xiang)。

江蘇o型聚能管的軍事應用：聚能爆破技術，早在二次世界大戰期間就在軍事方面廣泛應用。國內在聚能破甲技術如大錐角反艦導彈戰斗部和大錐角反坦克地雷以及敏感彈戰斗部等方面取得了較為快速的發展，我國20世紀60年代打破國外技術封鎖獨立自主研發成功原子彈就是得力于聚能爆破技術轟擊核裝置而引爆原子彈。專用o型聚能管的(de)(de)民(min)爆(bao)應(ying)用——切(qie)槽(cao)爆(bao)破技(ji)術：聚能爆(bao)破用于(yu)工程建設也是20世紀(ji)60年代開(kai)始的(de)(de)，首先(xian)是瑞典的(de)(de)U﹒Langefors提出孔壁切(qie)槽(cao)爆(bao)破利用槽(cao)口(kou)應(ying)力集(ji)中定向開(kai)裂的(de)(de)設想，后經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證是有效(xiao)的(de)(de)。70年代國(guo)外(wai)廣泛研究和應(ying)用了切(qie)槽(cao)爆(bao)破技(ji)術。