我國于1983年制定了《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖行(xing)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術規范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電建設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為必須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)保護邊坡(po)質(zhi)量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技術措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)此基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)修訂(ding)的(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術規范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術規范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術規范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)均被(bei)編入并(bing)有(you)所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)(bu)也不(bu)僅規定了凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以上(shang)的(de)巖石邊坡(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計邊坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊坡(po)部(bu)(bu)位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)(she)計和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)或(huo)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，并(bing)闡述了光面(預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)原則和參(can)數、安全措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡(po)光面(預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)項目(mu)質(zhi)量驗收檢測數量和檢測方法(fa)。無(wu)疑該規程的(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和促進(jin)了光面(預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術在(zai)(zai)鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)與(yu)發展。

專業深孔爆破聚能管水壓光面爆破較水壓光面爆破，在周邊眼單循環火工品使用量上節約費用8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費用節約41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約1.37立方米。平頂山深孔爆破聚能管水壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)比(bi)(bi)水壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)每循環節約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每延米節約(yue)(yue)76較元(yuan)，節約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)比(bi)(bi)例達32%。此外，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)水壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)效降低隧道內石(shi)渣塊度和粉塵含量，還可使通風時間有(you)效縮短33%。聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)工藝技(ji)(ji)術(shu)很(hen)(hen)(hen)成(cheng)熟、可操作(zuo)性(xing)很(hen)(hen)(hen)強、材(cai)料成(cheng)本(ben)很(hen)(hen)(hen)低、施工速(su)度很(hen)(hen)(hen)快、節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)環保效果很(hen)(hen)(hen)顯著、經(jing)濟效益社會效益很(hen)(hen)(hen)高。聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是近幾年(nian)發(fa)展起來的一項掘進新技(ji)(ji)術(shu),這種爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與傳統(tong)的光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)有(you)一定(ding)的差別,聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)破(po)原(yuan)理是在巷道周邊眼中(zhong),將炸裝在聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)起爆(bao),爆(bao)破(po)時利用(yong)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)的聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)作(zuo)用(yong),以減(jian)少裂隙(xi)的數量和控制優勢裂隙(xi)的發(fa)展方(fang)向。

在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，常用(yong)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)火(huo)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)使(shi)雷管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，進而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)藥的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所需的(de)器(qi)材有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管、導(dao)(dao)線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)連(lian)接(jie)形式(shi)，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工程(cheng)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)(neng)力(li)等進行選擇，基本(ben)連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)有：串(chuan)聯(lian)、并聯(lian)、串(chuan)并聯(lian)和并串(chuan)聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)具有較安全、可(ke)靠、準確、高效等優點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國內外仍占有較大(da)比重(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，主(zhu)要(yao)仍是(shi)(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)有瓦斯(si)、礦塵(chen)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)環境中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容(rong)易(yi)受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)干擾而(er)發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)有雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環境中(zhong)，不能(neng)(neng)使(shi)用(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管。

水壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在隧(sui)道掘(jue)進(jin)作業中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際應用。提升(sheng)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破水平、嚴(yan)抓(zhua)隧(sui)道超挖管控進(jin)行了介(jie)紹。聚能水壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破工藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)很成(cheng)熟、可(ke)操(cao)作性(xing)很強(qiang)、材料成(cheng)本很低、施工速度(du)很快、節能環保效果很顯著、經濟效益(yi)社會效益(yi)很高(gao)(gao)。一是要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)(gao)對推廣該項技(ji)術(shu)(shu)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)和必然性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)認識;二是要(yao)(yao)樹(shu)立(li)必須采取聚能水壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)意識;三是要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)持培(pei)訓、示范、監督“三位一體”;四(si)是要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)定切實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)懲制(zhi)(zhi)度(du);五是要(yao)(yao)建立(li)檢(jian)查監督機制(zhi)(zhi)，持續促進(jin)該項技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)入推廣。在隧(sui)道施工的(de)(de)(de)現場管理、科技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)、人才培(pei)養、經濟效益(yi)等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)不足(zu)。建議對施工一線基礎技(ji)術(shu)(shu)工作扎(zha)實(shi)推進(jin);對新(xin)(xin)工藝、先(xian)進(jin)工法要(yao)(yao)深(shen)入學習鉆(zhan)研;對消極懈怠、故步自封的(de)(de)(de)思想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)決抵制(zhi)(zhi)。

發(fa)揮(hui)巨大效(xiao)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)又在其上面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”上。項目(mu)部目(mu)前(qian)(qian)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)有兩個(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”，通過這兩個(ge)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用讓爆炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威力在隧道(dao)中(zhong)切割出(chu)十分平順的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪廓線，的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)爆破(po)量，有效(xiao)管(guan)控了(le)超挖欠挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。為了(le)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步嚴格控制(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)挖輪廓，達到提高(gao)光面(mian)爆破(po)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并研究(jiu)出(chu)了(le)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)上兩個(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”變為三(san)個(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明設(she)計(ji)，目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，該發(fa)明設(she)計(ji)已經進(jin)(jin)入(ru)到了(le)試生產階段(duan)。未來，三(san)“聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)水(shui)壓(ya)爆破(po)技(ji)術將推(tui)動中(zhong)鐵十四(si)局四(si)公司張(zhang)吉懷鐵路項目(mu)部施工(gong)開(kai)展邁上一(yi)個(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臺階，給項目(mu)部帶來巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。工(gong)程爆破(po)技(ji)術經過幾(ji)十年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，已經滲透(tou)到經濟建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾(zhong)多(duo)領域，特別(bie)為中(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵路建(jian)設(she)、礦山開(kai)采、城(cheng)市(shi)拆舊(jiu)定向爆破(po)等做出(chu)了(le)重要貢獻。