預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)與(yu)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)歷史與(yu)現(xian)狀：預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)(she)計開挖邊(bian)界布(bu)置密集(ji)炮(pao)孔，采(cai)取不(bu)耦合(he)裝藥或(huo)裝填(tian)低(di)威力炸藥，在(zai)(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之(zhi)前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與(yu)保留區(qu)之(zhi)間形成(cheng)預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)縫，以(yi)減(jian)弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留巖(yan)體的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)并形成(cheng)平(ping)整輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)(she)計開挖邊(bian)界布(bu)設(she)(she)密集(ji)炮(pao)孔，采(cai)用不(bu)耦合(he)裝藥或(huo)裝填(tian)低(di)威力炸藥，在(zai)(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之(zhi)后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以(yi)形成(cheng)平(ping)整的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)發展是(shi)先出現(xian)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷史與(yu)現(xian)狀，我國于1964～1965年在(zai)(zai)(zai)湖北陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施工中做(zuo)過淺(qian)孔預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗，1965年鐵道部門在(zai)(zai)(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)(lu)建設(she)(she)中開始(shi)試驗光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)(zai)(zai)西延線(xian)張家(jia)船工點，全長近200m的(de)2000m2路(lu)(lu)塹邊(bian)坡全部采(cai)用光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)坡平(ping)整穩定，殘留的(de)半孔清晰可(ke)見，是(shi)鐵路(lu)(lu)建設(she)(she)中采(cai)用路(lu)(lu)塹光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。

我國于1983年制定了《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自(zi)此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)水利水電建設(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)預裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為必須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)保護邊坡(po)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)(de)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖(yan)石基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)(zai)《水電水利爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖(yan)石基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)(zhong)預裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編入(ru)并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)定了凡(fan)是(shi)Ⅲ級以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊坡(po)，設(she)(she)計邊坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊坡(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡(chan)述(shu)了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則(ze)和參數、安(an)全措施(shi)，而且還(huan)明(ming)確了路塹邊坡(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量驗收檢(jian)測數量和檢(jian)測方法(fa)。無(wu)疑該規(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)，有力地推動和促(cu)進(jin)了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建設(she)(she)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用與發展。

施工工藝嚴格遵(zun)循六(liu)字方(fang)針(掛滿(man)(man)、貼緊、對準(zhun))：(1)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)必須按技術要(yao)(yao)求合理布置。(2)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)掏槽眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)以及其他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)(yao)在規定(ding)(ding)位置上打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan);二(er)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管裝藥(yao)時,要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)乳化(hua)炸藥(yao)在聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)內壁中(zhong)(zhong)填(tian)充(chong)飽滿(man)(man)不(bu)(bu)得有空(kong)隙出(chu)現時以產(chan)生拒爆(bao)。(4)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管在炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)裝填(tian)時,要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)(de)兩條聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽指向(xiang)巷道(dao)(dao)輪廓線方(fang)向(xiang)并且各個(ge)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽軸線方(fang)面要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)相互連接在隧道(dao)(dao)輪廓線上。否(fou)則成型效果不(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)好,反而更差。(5)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質量。(6)放炮(pao)(pao)員應提前按規定(ding)(ding)裝好聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)(de)炸藥(yao),并做(zuo)好準(zhun)備工作(zuo)。試用范圍:一級至五級圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)光面爆(bao)破工程。

光面(mian)爆(bao)破技(ji)術優勢：相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)傳(chuan)統爆(bao)破工藝(yi)，聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)光面(mian)爆(bao)破比常(chang)規爆(bao)破具有以(yi)下優勢∶少打眼，少裝藥。節(jie)約周邊鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)量(liang)50%，總鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)進尺減少30%；節(jie)約炸藥10～20%，雷管(guan)(guan)30%。節(jie)約噴漿(jiang)料(liao)15-20%。節(jie)省時(shi)間(jian)∶每循環(huan)鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)、裝藥、噴漿(jiang)時(shi)間(jian)1.5-2.0小時(shi)。在安全方面(mian)利用水沙(sha)袋替代炮(pao)泥，以(yi)避免搗(dao)炮(pao)泥損毀電雷管(guan)(guan)導(dao)線，造成瞎炮(pao)。大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少對(dui)(dui)圍巖擾動，光面(mian)效果好(hao)，巖性(xing)條件差情況下可(ke)以(yi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少超挖量(liang)，控(kong)制巷道成型(xing)；巖性(xing)完整無節(jie)理情況下眼痕率可(ke)以(yi)達到(dao)90%以(yi)上，巷道成型(xing)好(hao)，穩定性(xing)強(qiang)。布孔(kong)(kong)(kong)方式優化(hua)成多(duo)排掏槽布孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，單次(ci)掘進深度可(ke)以(yi)優化(hua)提高(gao)10%到(dao)15%不等。由于(yu)(yu)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)數(shu)量(liang)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少可(ke)以(yi)考慮一起全斷(duan)面(mian)起爆(bao)，節(jie)省放炮(pao)時(shi)間(jian)。

多向聚能管價格對于爆破作業安全技術的研究,是從兩個方面去考慮的，一方面是炸和起爆器材以及對其爆炸所造成的破壞作用進行限制的安全技術,這是主動的。另一個方面是對爆破所產生的危害采取的防護措施,這是被動的一個方面。兩者對阻止爆破帶來的破壞性有同樣的重要性,但在具體的爆破工程中,則常常會有變化不定的現象和后果,因此,必須對每一項工程破壞的具體情況作細致的分析研究,從而采取適當的對策。同時，多向聚能管價格雖然技(ji)術不(bu)斷取得進步，須在操作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中注意每個工序，按照安全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)認真作(zuo)業。只(zhi)要嚴格(ge)(ge)遵守安全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)、正確(que)地采取安全(quan)(quan)(quan)技(ji)術措施(shi)和(he)防(fang)護措施(shi),任(ren)何規(gui)(gui)模(mo)、任(ren)何種類的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)是(shi)可(ke)以確(que)保安全(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)。一些安全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)條文是(shi)有經驗教(jiao)訓(xun)和(he)理論根(gen)據的(de)(de)，有的(de)(de)甚至是(shi)血的(de)(de)教(jiao)訓(xun)的(de)(de)總結，所以一定(ding)要克服麻痹思(si)想，嚴格(ge)(ge)執(zhi)行安全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，決不(bu)能(neng)以沒出過(guo)事故(gu)而輕(qing)率地"突破(po)"規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)"框框"。

水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破技(ji)術(shu)在隧道掘(jue)進(jin)作業中的實際應用。提升光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破水(shui)平、嚴抓隧道超挖管(guan)控進(jin)行了介紹。聚能水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破工藝技(ji)術(shu)很(hen)成熟、可操作性很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低、施工速(su)度(du)很(hen)快、節能環保效果很(hen)顯(xian)著、經濟效益社會效益很(hen)高。一是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)提高對(dui)(dui)推廣(guang)該項技(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)性和(he)必然性的認識(shi);二是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)樹立必須采取聚能水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破的意識(shi);三是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持培訓(xun)、示(shi)范、監督(du)“三位一體(ti)”;四是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)制定切實的獎懲制度(du);五是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)建立檢(jian)查監督(du)機制，持續促進(jin)該項技(ji)術(shu)的深入推廣(guang)。在隧道施工的現場管(guan)理、科技(ji)創新、人才培養(yang)、經濟效益等方面(mian)(mian)的不足(zu)。建議對(dui)(dui)施工一線基礎技(ji)術(shu)工作扎實推進(jin);對(dui)(dui)新工藝、先進(jin)工法要(yao)(yao)(yao)深入學習鉆研;對(dui)(dui)消極懈怠(dai)、故步(bu)自(zi)封的思想要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅決抵(di)制。