水壓光(guang)面(mian)爆破技(ji)術在(zai)隧(sui)道掘進(jin)作業中的(de)(de)實(shi)際應用。提升光(guang)面(mian)爆破水平、嚴抓隧(sui)道超挖管(guan)控進(jin)行(xing)了介紹。聚能水壓光(guang)面(mian)爆破工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術很(hen)成熟、可操(cao)作性很(hen)強(qiang)、材料(liao)成本很(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)速(su)度很(hen)快(kuai)、節能環保效果很(hen)顯著(zhu)、經濟(ji)效益(yi)社(she)會(hui)效益(yi)很(hen)高(gao)。一是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)提高(gao)對推(tui)廣該(gai)項技(ji)術重要(yao)性和(he)必(bi)然性的(de)(de)認識;二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)樹立必(bi)須采(cai)取聚能水壓光(guang)面(mian)爆破的(de)(de)意識;三是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)堅持(chi)培(pei)訓(xun)、示范、監(jian)督“三位一體”;四是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)制(zhi)定切實(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲制(zhi)度;五是(shi)(shi)(shi)要(yao)建立檢查(cha)監(jian)督機制(zhi)，持(chi)續(xu)促(cu)進(jin)該(gai)項技(ji)術的(de)(de)深入(ru)推(tui)廣。在(zai)隧(sui)道施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)現場管(guan)理(li)、科(ke)技(ji)創新(xin)、人才(cai)培(pei)養、經濟(ji)效益(yi)等方面(mian)的(de)(de)不足。建議對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)一線基礎技(ji)術工(gong)(gong)作扎實(shi)推(tui)進(jin);對新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)(gong)法要(yao)深入(ru)學習鉆研;對消極懈怠、故(gu)步自封(feng)的(de)(de)思想要(yao)堅決(jue)抵制(zhi)。

我(wo)國于1983年制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)行基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)建設(she)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)與光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為必(bi)須(xu)進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。此(ci)(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)(ci)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上修訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖(yan)石基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)與光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)均被編入(ru)并(bing)有所(suo)改(gai)進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也(ye)不僅規(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設(she)計(ji)(ji)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，并(bing)闡(chan)述了(le)(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路(lu)塹邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質量驗收檢(jian)測(ce)數量和(he)檢(jian)測(ce)方法。無疑該(gai)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，有力地推動和(he)促進(jin)了(le)(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)鐵路(lu)建設(she)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)與發(fa)展。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)破(po)碎(sui)法(fa)特(te)點(dian)是:不(bu)需(xu)要打(da)眼(yan)，因而不(bu)需(xu)要購買打(da)眼(yan)設(she)(she)備和(he)(he)動力(li)設(she)(she)備;施(shi)工簡(jian)單，施(shi)工進度比淺(qian)眼(yan)爆破(po)法(fa)快(kuai)安全性比普通(tong)淺(qian)眼(yan)爆破(po)法(fa)和(he)(he)普通(tong)裸露(lu)藥包(bao)法(fa)好;勞動強(qiang)度比淺(qian)眼(yan)爆破(po)法(fa)低。制(zhi)造聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)炸藥有:黑索金(jin)和(he)(he)梯恩梯混(hun)合熔鑄型;乳化油炸藥和(he)(he)黑索金(jin)混(hun)裝(zhuang)型和(he)(he)二(er)號巖石(shi)硝鉸炸藥壓制(zhi)型。根據使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)結果證明(ming)，選用(yong)密(mi)度較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大和(he)(he)爆速較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)炸藥制(zhi)造聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)能(neng)(neng)獲得較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)破(po)碎(sui)效果。這主要是由于(yu)它加(jia)工簡(jian)單和(he)(he)破(po)碎(sui)能(neng)(neng)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大。在礦山由于(yu)二(er)次破(po)碎(sui)消(xiao)耗的(de)(de)(de)藥包(bao)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多，而且金(jin)屬藥型罩的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工費工又費材料，所(suo)以多不(bu)采(cai)用(yong)藥型罩。國內生產的(de)(de)(de)一種用(yong)于(yu)破(po)碎(sui)大塊的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)，裝(zhuang)置聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)時，要將藥包(bao)垂直裝(zhuang)在大塊的(de)(de)(de)頂面上，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)穴朝下(xia)。藥包(bao)位置應選在頂面的(de)(de)(de)幾何中心(xin)或附近較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)平整的(de)(de)(de)地(di)點(dian)。然后在上面覆蓋泥沙。

光面爆破(po)技(ji)術(shu)優(you)勢：相對于傳統爆破(po)工藝，聚能(neng)管(guan)光面爆破(po)比常(chang)規(gui)爆破(po)具有以(yi)下優(you)勢∶少打眼(yan)(yan)，少裝藥。節(jie)(jie)約周(zhou)邊鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)量50%，總(zong)鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)進(jin)尺(chi)減少30%；節(jie)(jie)約炸藥10～20%，雷管(guan)30%。節(jie)(jie)約噴(pen)漿(jiang)料15-20%。節(jie)(jie)省(sheng)時(shi)間(jian)∶每循環鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)、裝藥、噴(pen)漿(jiang)時(shi)間(jian)1.5-2.0小(xiao)時(shi)。在安(an)全方面利(li)用水(shui)沙袋替代炮(pao)泥(ni)，以(yi)避(bi)免(mian)搗炮(pao)泥(ni)損毀電雷管(guan)導線，造成(cheng)(cheng)瞎(xia)炮(pao)。大大減少對圍巖(yan)擾(rao)動，光面效果好，巖(yan)性(xing)條件差情況下可(ke)以(yi)大大減少超(chao)挖量，控制巷道(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)；巖(yan)性(xing)完整無節(jie)(jie)理情況下眼(yan)(yan)痕率可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到90%以(yi)上(shang)，巷道(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)好，穩定(ding)性(xing)強(qiang)。布孔(kong)(kong)(kong)方式優(you)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)排掏(tao)槽(cao)布孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，單(dan)次掘進(jin)深(shen)度(du)可(ke)以(yi)優(you)化(hua)提高10%到15%不(bu)等。由(you)于炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)數量大大減少可(ke)以(yi)考慮一(yi)起全斷面起爆，節(jie)(jie)省(sheng)放炮(pao)時(shi)間(jian)。

專業c型聚能管水壓光面爆破較水壓光面爆破，在周邊眼單循環火工品使用量上節約費用8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費用節約41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約1.37立方米。安慶c型聚能管水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破比水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破每(mei)循環(huan)節約費用(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延米節約76較元，節約費用(yong)(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此外(wai)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)降低(di)隧(sui)道內石渣(zha)塊度(du)和粉塵含量(liang)，還(huan)可使通風時間有(you)效(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)光(guang)面爆(bao)破工藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)很(hen)成熟、可操作(zuo)性很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低(di)、施工速度(du)很(hen)快、節能(neng)環(huan)保效(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)顯(xian)著、經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)社(she)會效(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)高。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是近幾年(nian)發(fa)展起來(lai)的一項掘進(jin)新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu),這種爆(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)與傳統的光(guang)面爆(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)有(you)一定的差別,聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)破原理是在巷道周邊眼中,將炸裝在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)中起爆(bao),爆(bao)破時利用(yong)(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)(guan)的聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),以(yi)減少裂隙(xi)的數量(liang)和控制(zhi)優勢裂隙(xi)的發(fa)展方(fang)向(xiang)。