預(yu)裂與光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)歷史與現(xian)狀(zhuang)：預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)沿(yan)設計(ji)開(kai)(kai)挖邊(bian)界布置密集(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采取不耦(ou)合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填(tian)低(di)威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)區(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)前起爆(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)區(qu)與保(bao)留(liu)區(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)間形成(cheng)預(yu)裂縫(feng)，以(yi)(yi)減弱主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)破(po)(po)對保(bao)留(liu)巖體的(de)(de)破(po)(po)壞(huai)并(bing)形成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)輪(lun)廓面的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)沿(yan)設計(ji)開(kai)(kai)挖邊(bian)界布設密集(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采用不耦(ou)合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填(tian)低(di)威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)破(po)(po)之(zhi)(zhi)后起爆(bao)的(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)形成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)挖輪(lun)廓面的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)先(xian)出現(xian)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)，然后衍生發展(zhan)(zhan)為預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)。聚(ju)能管(guan)國內歷史與現(xian)狀(zhuang)，我國于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)湖北陸(lu)水(shui)水(shui)電站(zhan)施工中做過淺孔(kong)(kong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)試驗(yan)，1965年(nian)鐵道部門在(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)(lu)建設中開(kai)(kai)始試驗(yan)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)西延線張家(jia)船工點，全長近200m的(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)(lu)塹邊(bian)坡全部采用光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)，爆(bao)破(po)(po)后邊(bian)坡平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng)穩定，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)半孔(kong)(kong)清晰(xi)可見，是(shi)鐵路(lu)(lu)建設中采用路(lu)(lu)塹光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)(po)。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破是在(zai)炮孔(kong)(kong)兩端(duan)填充水(shui)(shui)袋(dai)，中間裝上乳化炸，炮孔(kong)(kong)再(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)炮泥(ni)封(feng)死，炮孔(kong)(kong)間距很大，兩個(ge)炮空之間相距了一(yi)米(mi)左右(you)，是常(chang)規爆(bao)破的(de)炮孔(kong)(kong)間距的(de)兩倍，這樣可以節省(sheng)炮孔(kong)(kong)材料，這兩個(ge)凹槽(cao)又稱為聚能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)，聚能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)非常(chang)重要，放置(zhi)的(de)位置(zhi)和(he)方向都十(shi)分(fen)講究，一(yi)點(dian)也不(bu)能(neng)(neng)出(chu)錯，在(zai)爆(bao)破的(de)瞬間，高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)聚能(neng)(neng)射(she)流立即(ji)往凹槽(cao)兩邊(bian)的(de)巖石(shi)進行切(qie)(qie)割，巖石(shi)如(ru)同豆腐一(yi)樣輕松被切(qie)(qie)割切(qie)(qie)割出(chu)來(lai)的(de)輪廓線(xian)十(shi)分(fen)平順(shun)，效果極(ji)好(hao)，聚能(neng)(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)破中的(de)水(shui)(shui)袋(dai)沒有(you)降低(di)爆(bao)破的(de)效果，反而(er)能(neng)(neng)保護隧道周(zhou)邊(bian)植(zhi)被，減少地質擾動，降低(di)煙塵，重要的(de)是節省(sheng)炸成本，在(zai)未來(lai)這項技術(shu)會(hui)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于工(gong)程中，降低(di)施工(gong)成本。爆(bao)破聚能(neng)(neng)管水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破較水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破，在(zai)周(zhou)邊(bian)眼單循環火工(gong)品(pin)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)量上節約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)眼鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)數量從39個(ge)下(xia)降為23個(ge)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)節約(yue)41%，混(hun)凝土(tu)噴射(she)每延米(mi)節約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。

專業深孔爆破聚能管水壓光面爆破技術在隧道掘進作業中的實際應用。提升光面爆破水平、嚴抓隧道超挖管控進行了介紹。聚能水壓光面爆破工藝技術很成熟、可操作性很強、材料成本很低、施工速度很快、節能環保效果很顯著、經濟效益社會效益很高。一是要提高對推廣該項技術重要性和必然性的認識;二是要樹立必須采取聚能水壓光面爆破的意識;三是要堅持培訓、示范、監督“三位一體”;四是要制定切實的獎懲制度;五是要建立檢查監督機制，持續促進該項技術的深入推廣。深孔爆破聚能管價格在隧(sui)道施工的現場管(guan)理(li)、科技創新、人才培養(yang)、經濟(ji)效益等(deng)方面的不足。建(jian)議對施工一(yi)線基礎技術工作扎實(shi)推進(jin);對新工藝(yi)、先進(jin)工法要深入學習鉆(zhan)研;對消極懈(xie)怠、故步(bu)自封(feng)的思(si)想(xiang)要堅決抵制。

在(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，常用(yong)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導火索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)雷管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而(er)(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳(fang)法(fa)(fa)。它所(suo)(suo)需的(de)器(qi)材有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)、導線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)的(de)連(lian)接形式(shi)，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工程的(de)重要(yao)性(xing)、所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及(ji)其(qi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)等(deng)進行選(xuan)擇(ze)，基本(ben)連(lian)接方式(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)：串(chuan)聯、并聯、串(chuan)并聯和并串(chuan)聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較安全、可靠(kao)、準(zhun)確(que)、高效等(deng)優點，在(zai)國內(nei)外仍占(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較大(da)比重。在(zai)大(da)、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，主要(yao)仍是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)瓦斯(si)、礦(kuang)塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要(yao)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容(rong)易受(shou)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)干擾而(er)(er)發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，不(bu)能使(shi)用(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)。

我國于1983年制定了《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)行基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)已(yi)成為必須進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)保護(hu)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)質量的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)(zai)此基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)(zai)(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)均(jun)被編入并有(you)所改進(jin)(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了凡是Ⅲ級以上(shang)的(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)，設計(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)部(bu)位(wei)的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)都應采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)，并闡述了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)原則和(he)參數(shu)、安全措施(shi)，而且(qie)還(huan)明確了路塹邊(bian)坡(po)(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)項目質量驗(yan)收檢測數(shu)量和(he)檢測方法。無疑(yi)該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)，有(you)力(li)地(di)推動和(he)促進(jin)(jin)了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)鐵路建(jian)設中的(de)(de)應用(yong)與(yu)發(fa)展。