我(wo)國于1983年制定(ding)了(le)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)行基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規范》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在水利水電建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成(cheng)為必(bi)須進(jin)行的(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖技術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在此(ci)基礎上修(xiu)訂的(de)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石(shi)基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規范》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及(ji)在《水電水利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)(he)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石(shi)基礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均被編入并(bing)有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修(xiu)編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅規定(ding)了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)巖(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊(bian)坡(po)部位(wei)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并(bing)闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)原則(ze)和(he)(he)(he)參數、安全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還明確了(le)路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質量驗收檢測(ce)數量和(he)(he)(he)檢測(ce)方法。無疑該(gai)規程(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力(li)地推(tui)動(dong)和(he)(he)(he)促進(jin)了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)在鐵(tie)路建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)應用與發展(zhan)。

各種爆破、爆破器材銷毀以及爆破器材意外爆炸時，爆破源與人員和其他保護對象之間的安全距離稱為爆破安全距離。爆破安全距離應取各種爆破效應（地震、沖擊波、飛石、有毒氣體等）分別核定的大值。專用雙向爆破聚能管爆破時，必然產生爆破地震、空氣沖擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣體，因此，爆破設計時必須確定爆破危害范圍，并確定爆點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井巷等的安全，這一段距離就稱為爆破安全距離。專用雙向爆破聚能管如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)離就(jiu)顯(xian)的(de)尤(you)為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證爆(bao)破(po)安(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)破(po)地(di)點與人員或其他(ta)應保護對象之間必須(xu)保持短的(de)相隔長(chang)度。爆(bao)破(po)有害效應隨距(ju)(ju)離的(de)增加有規律地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)離作為(wei)安(an)全(quan)尺(chi)度可限(xian)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)破(po)有害效應在允許限(xian)度之內。中國《爆(bao)破(po)安(an)全(quan)規程》規定(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)破(po)地(di)震安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離，個別(bie)飛散(san)物安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離，以及爆(bao)炸(zha)沖擊波的(de)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由(you)炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體、引信和支架(jia)等(deng)部分(fen)組成(cheng)，其作用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威(wei)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述(shu)如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越(yue)大(da)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力(li)越(yue)大(da)；為(wei)得(de)(de)到(dao)高(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya)，需高(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)有(you)(you)梯恩(en)梯、8321炸(zha)等(deng)，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)(you)熔鑄(zhu)(zhu)，塑(su)裝(zhuang)和壓(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是把(ba)炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射(she)流動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提(ti)高(gao)其穿透和切(qie)割能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)必須滿足四點(dian)要求(qiu)，即可壓(ya)縮性(xing)(xing)小、密(mi)度高(gao)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)和延展性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，在(zai)(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)流中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)汽化。大(da)量(liang)試驗證明，用(yong)(yong)紫銅(tong)制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好(hao)，其次為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)鐵(tie)、鋼和陶(tao)瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種多(duo)樣，主要有(you)(you)軸對(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面(mian)對(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)于切(qie)割屬板(ban)材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用(yong)(yong)于切(qie)割管材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)，這種球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)(zai)空腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)獲得(de)(de)極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸對(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)和面(mian)對(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

預(yu)裂與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)與(yu)現狀：預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布(bu)置(zhi)密集炮(pao)孔，采(cai)取(qu)不耦合裝(zhuang)藥或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威力炸(zha)藥，在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之(zhi)前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與(yu)保留區(qu)之(zhi)間形成(cheng)預(yu)裂縫，以(yi)(yi)減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)對(dui)保留巖(yan)體的(de)(de)破(po)(po)壞并形成(cheng)平整(zheng)輪廓面的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布(bu)設密集炮(pao)孔，采(cai)用不耦合裝(zhuang)藥或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威力炸(zha)藥，在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)之(zhi)后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)形成(cheng)平整(zheng)的(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓面的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展是(shi)先(xian)出(chu)現光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，然后衍生(sheng)發展為預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷(li)史(shi)與(yu)現狀，我國于1964～1965年(nian)(nian)在湖北陸水水電站施工中做過(guo)淺孔預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)試驗，1965年(nian)(nian)鐵道部(bu)門(men)在成(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)建設中開(kai)始試驗光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，1977年(nian)(nian)在西延(yan)線(xian)張家船工點，全(quan)(quan)長近200m的(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡全(quan)(quan)部(bu)采(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)后邊坡平整(zheng)穩定(ding)，殘留的(de)(de)半孔清晰可見，是(shi)鐵路(lu)建設中采(cai)用路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。