施工(gong)工(gong)藝嚴格遵(zun)循六字(zi)方(fang)針(zhen)(掛滿、貼緊、對準(zhun)):(1)要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質(zhi)量,炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)必須按技術要(yao)(yao)求合理布置。(2)要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)掏槽眼(yan)(yan)(yan)以及其他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質(zhi)量,一定要(yao)(yao)在規定位置上打眼(yan)(yan)(yan);二(er)要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管裝藥(yao)時,要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)乳(ru)化炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)在聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管中(zhong)空(kong)內壁中(zhong)填(tian)充飽滿不得有空(kong)隙出現時以產生拒爆(bao)。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管在炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)裝填(tian)時,要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)兩條聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽指向巷道輪(lun)廓線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向并且各個炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽軸線(xian)(xian)方(fang)面要(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相互連接(jie)在隧道輪(lun)廓線(xian)(xian)上。否則成(cheng)型效果不僅不好(hao)(hao),反(fan)而更差。(5)保證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質(zhi)量。(6)放(fang)炮(pao)員應(ying)提前按規定裝好(hao)(hao)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao),并做好(hao)(hao)準(zhun)備工(gong)作。試用范圍(wei)(wei):一級至五級圍(wei)(wei)巖的(de)(de)光面爆(bao)破工(gong)程(cheng)。
專業深孔爆破聚能管水壓光面爆破技術在隧道掘進作業中的實際應用。提升光面爆破水平、嚴抓隧道超挖管控進行了介紹。聚能水壓光面爆破工藝技術很成熟、可操作性很強、材料成本很低、施工速度很快、節能環保效果很顯著、經濟效益社會效益很高。一是要提高對推廣該項技術重要性和必然性的認識;二是要樹立必須采取聚能水壓光面爆破的意識;三是要堅持培訓、示范、監督“三位一體”;四是要制定切實的獎懲制度;五是要建立檢查監督機制,持續促進該項技術的深入推廣。深孔爆破聚能管價格在隧道施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的現場管理(li)、科技創新(xin)、人才培養、經濟效益等方面的不(bu)足。建(jian)議對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)一線基礎技術工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)扎實(shi)推(tui)進;對新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、先(xian)進工(gong)(gong)法要深入學習(xi)鉆研;對消極懈(xie)怠、故步自封(feng)的思想要堅(jian)決(jue)抵制。
預裂與(yu)(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)歷史與(yu)(yu)現狀(zhuang):預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計開(kai)挖(wa)邊(bian)界布置密集(ji)炮(pao)孔,采(cai)(cai)取不(bu)耦合(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填低威力炸(zha)藥,在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),從而在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與(yu)(yu)保(bao)留區(qu)之間形成(cheng)預裂縫,以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留巖體的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形成(cheng)平整(zheng)輪廓(kuo)面的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計開(kai)挖(wa)邊(bian)界布設密集(ji)炮(pao)孔,采(cai)(cai)用不(bu)耦合(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)(zhuang)填低威力炸(zha)藥,在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以形成(cheng)平整(zheng)的(de)開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)面的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發展(zhan)是(shi)先出現光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),然后(hou)衍生發展(zhan)為預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)(guo)內歷史與(yu)(yu)現狀(zhuang),我國(guo)(guo)于1964~1965年(nian)在湖北(bei)陸(lu)水(shui)水(shui)電站施工中(zhong)做過淺孔預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗,1965年(nian)鐵道(dao)部門在成(cheng)昆鐵路建(jian)設中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),1977年(nian)在西延線張家船(chuan)工點,全(quan)長(chang)近200m的(de)2000m2路塹邊(bian)坡(po)全(quan)部采(cai)(cai)用光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)坡(po)平整(zheng)穩定,殘留的(de)半孔清晰可見,是(shi)鐵路建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用路塹光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。
在(zai)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)、礦(kuang)山(shan)(shan)、水庫(ku)等大型工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)作用很(hen)關(guan)鍵很(hen)重(zhong)要。采礦(kuang)修(xiu)(xiu)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山(shan)(shan)挖隧道,城市對舊建筑物的(de)(de)(de)拆除(chu)(chu),都(dou)會(hui)用到(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)。隨著經濟的(de)(de)(de)發展、工(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)多(duo),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破引起了人們更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破聚能管作為(wei)一(yi)(yi)種科學(xue)技(ji)術(shu),應用很(hen)廣,但在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)應用無疑是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要、常見的(de)(de)(de),采礦(kuang)開(kai)山(shan)(shan),修(xiu)(xiu)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)、公路(lu)用鉆爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法來開(kai)掘隧道,水利(li)工(gong)程(cheng)上(shang)也(ye)用一(yi)(yi)些,城市里(li)面也(ye)使(shi)用了,拆除(chu)(chu)樓(lou)房。利(li)用炸(zha)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)產生的(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)大能量破壞某種物體的(de)(de)(de)原結構,這(zhe)種"破壞"效果不(bu)是(shi)(shi)其他方法能代替的(de)(de)(de),它(ta)雖(sui)然不(bu)是(shi)(shi)獨(du)立完成一(yi)(yi)個(ge)工(gong)程(cheng),但卻是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)序(xu),特別是(shi)(shi)石方開(kai)挖、礦(kuang)山(shan)(shan)開(kai)采等工(gong)程(cheng)缺(que)少了這(zhe)個(ge)工(gong)序(xu)還(huan)不(bu)行。中(zhong)(zhong)國目(mu)前有發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)和公路(lu)交通網(wang),可以(yi)想象,當初在(zai)修(xiu)(xiu)這(zhe)些路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)會(hui)遇到(dao)許多(duo)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)峻嶺,一(yi)(yi)座大山(shan)(shan)橫在(zai)兩地之(zhi)間(jian),想要修(xiu)(xiu)路(lu),就必須(xu)讓這(zhe)座山(shan)(shan)消失,這(zhe)個(ge)時候(hou)聚能管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破就起到(dao)決定性作用了。
不(bu)成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事例是(shi)(shi)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),如(ru)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)而不(bu)倒(dao)、實施(shi)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)后(hou)沒有(you)按爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向倒(dao)塌等等。這(zhe)些(xie)事例警示:從爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)器(qi)材質量、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)到起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)(wang)路連接等,只要(yao)有(you)一(yi)個環節出現失誤,都將(jiang)影響爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果,乃至(zhi)造成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作(zuo)業無論是(shi)(shi)老舊建筑(zhu)物(wu)本身還是(shi)(shi)周圍(wei)環境(jing)都十分(fen)復雜,這(zhe)不(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)求認真調查爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(包括施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷),分(fen)析受(shou)力狀況(kuang),同時(shi)還要(yao)對采取技術措施(shi)(如(ru)預處理、嵌(qian)補、支撐等)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠和安(an)全性(xing)進行分(fen)析,對可能出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意外情況(kuang),應預先制定(ding)應急方(fang)案,努力避(bi)免(mian)安(an)全事故和不(bu)必(bi)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)性(xing)越(yue)來越(yue)受(shou)到人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注,同時(shi),探索無公(gong)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術,一(yi)直是(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者追(zhui)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標。設(she)立掩蔽體(ti)對物(wu)體(ti)加以保(bao)護,簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)草袋、竹笆一(yi)類材料(liao)覆蓋在(zai)需要(yao)保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)體(ti)上面;對房屋(wu)和機器(qi)設(she)備常要(yao)在(zai)迎面和頂部豎立排架,用(yong)木板(ban)或(huo)(huo)荊笆上罩鐵(tie)絲網(wang)(wang),抵御較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛石(shi)和較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)沖擊波的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打(da)擊;對某(mou)些(xie)重(zhong)要(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)物(wu)打(da)防震孔(kong)或(huo)(huo)者用(yong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)將(jiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)區和被保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)物(wu)或(huo)(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)施(shi)隔(ge)離開來。
在(zai)(zai)工程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)(zhong),常用(yong)的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)(you):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導火索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)(shi)雷管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha),進而起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)。它所需的器(qi)材(cai)有(you)(you):電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管、導線和起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連接形式(shi),要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工程(cheng)的重(zhong)要(yao)性、所選起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及(ji)其(qi)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力等進行選擇,基(ji)本(ben)連接方(fang)式(shi)有(you)(you):串聯(lian)(lian)(lian)、并聯(lian)(lian)(lian)、串并聯(lian)(lian)(lian)和并串聯(lian)(lian)(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具有(you)(you)較(jiao)安全、可靠(kao)、準確(que)、高(gao)效等優點,在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內外仍占有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)比(bi)重(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)大(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)(zhong),主要(yao)仍是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特(te)別是在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的環境中(zhong)(zhong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要(yao)的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),因此在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)雜(za)散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的環境中(zhong)(zhong),不能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管。