預(yu)裂與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)歷史與現(xian)狀：預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)設(she)(she)(she)計開挖(wa)(wa)邊界布置(zhi)密(mi)集(ji)炮孔(kong)，采(cai)(cai)取不(bu)耦合裝藥(yao)(yao)或裝填低(di)威力(li)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)，在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與保留(liu)區(qu)之間形成預(yu)裂縫，以(yi)減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)并(bing)形成平(ping)整輪廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)設(she)(she)(she)計開挖(wa)(wa)邊界布設(she)(she)(she)密(mi)集(ji)炮孔(kong)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)不(bu)耦合裝藥(yao)(yao)或裝填低(di)威力(li)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)，在主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)形成平(ping)整的(de)(de)(de)開挖(wa)(wa)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)發展是(shi)(shi)先出現(xian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后衍生發展為(wei)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚(ju)能(neng)管國(guo)內歷史與現(xian)狀，我國(guo)于(yu)1964～1965年(nian)在湖(hu)北(bei)陸水水電站(zhan)施工中做過淺孔(kong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗(yan)，1965年(nian)鐵(tie)道(dao)部門在成昆鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)(she)(she)中開始試驗(yan)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在西延(yan)線張(zhang)家(jia)船工點，全(quan)長近200m的(de)(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡全(quan)部采(cai)(cai)用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后邊坡平(ping)整穩定，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)清晰可見，是(shi)(shi)鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)(she)(she)中采(cai)(cai)用(yong)路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。

在(zai)工程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，常用的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使(shi)雷(lei)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)，進而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)藥的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)。它所需的(de)(de)器材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管、導(dao)(dao)線(xian)和(he)(he)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)(de)連(lian)接形式(shi)(shi)，要根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模(mo)、工程(cheng)的(de)(de)重要性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力(li)等進行選擇，基本連(lian)接方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)有(you)：串(chuan)聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串(chuan)并(bing)聯(lian)和(he)(he)并(bing)串(chuan)聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具有(you)較(jiao)安全、可靠、準確、高效等優(you)點，在(zai)國內外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)大(da)比(bi)重。在(zai)大(da)、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，主要仍(reng)是(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)(shi)在(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)主要的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的(de)(de)干擾而(er)發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，不能(neng)使(shi)用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管。

一、查驗生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：1、經過(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)年(nian)年(nian)審(shen)的(de)(de)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)營業(ye)(ye)執照(zhao)：一般情況(kuang)下，個(ge)體(ti)工商戶、個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)獨資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)注(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)金(jin)低于(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民幣五十萬元的(de)(de)即可(ke)認(ren)(ren)(ren)定(ding)為家(jia)庭作坊式廠(chang)家(jia)。2、具(ju)(ju)備一般納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)資(zi)(zi)格的(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)登記證：企(qi)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)年(nian)度(du)銷售額(e)達到或超過(guo)(guo)(guo)一定(ding)金(jin)額(e)（以稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)發票開(kai)具(ju)(ju)數額(e)為準）并經主管稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)核準、具(ju)(ju)備獨立(li)的(de)(de)開(kai)票場所(suo)(suo)、專職會計及相應(ying)的(de)(de)辦稅(shui)(shui)(shui)機(ji)(ji)具(ju)(ju)才能升級為一般納稅(shui)(shui)(shui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)。3、經過(guo)(guo)(guo)歷(li)年(nian)年(nian)審(shen)的(de)(de)組織機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)代碼證：組織機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)代碼證是中華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)境內始終不變(bian)的(de)(de)法(fa)定(ding)代碼標(biao)識，未(wei)經年(nian)度(du)審(shen)驗的(de)(de)，可(ke)視為非(fei)法(fa)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)。4、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)強制性產(chan)(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證證書(shu)：一般情況(kuang)下，所(suo)(suo)有的(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)只要生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)強制性產(chan)(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證范圍(wei)內產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)必須通過(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)強制性產(chan)(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證（CCC）。依(yi)基本常(chang)識判(pan)斷，既然單位名稱為“xxx電(dian)線(xian)廠(chang)”“xxx線(xian)纜廠(chang)”，其產(chan)(chan)品(pin)未(wei)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)或從未(wei)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)強制性產(chan)(chan)品(pin)認(ren)(ren)(ren)證，證明其硬件(jian)(jian)、軟件(jian)(jian)設施及人(ren)(ren)(ren)員配備根(gen)本達不到一個(ge)合格的(de)(de)電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠(chang)家(jia)應(ying)具(ju)(ju)備的(de)(de)條件(jian)(jian)。5、國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量體(ti)系認(ren)(ren)(ren)證證書(shu)：ISO國(guo)(guo)際(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量體(ti)系認(ren)(ren)(ren)證是一個(ge)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)整體(ti)素(su)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)水平以及服務(wu)水平的(de)(de)標(biao)志。6、開(kai)戶許(xu)可(ke)證。

專用多向聚能管是將炸藥裝在聚能管內，兩頭均放置了水袋，聚能管爆炸產生的高溫高壓射流，讓水袋產生“水楔”效應,使圍巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是在水壓光面爆破基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，區別只是在周邊眼中安裝專用線性聚能藥管替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，只要做到七大關鍵環節：水袋挺拔飽滿、炮泥軟硬適中、水袋裝填到底、炮泥回填到口、木棍逐節搗固、水藥緊密相連、槽面必須平行，就能對控制超欠挖起到良好效果。多向聚能管廠家在推廣水壓爆(bao)破的基礎上，去年(nian)9月，水壓聚(ju)能爆(bao)破的成(cheng)果(guo)上，今年(nian)更(geng)為(wei)深入地在興泉鐵路大嶺(ling)隧道(dao)、牡佳鐵路麻山隧道(dao)采(cai)用了此項技術(shu)，積累(lei)了成(cheng)功經(jing)驗。

各種(zhong)(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材銷毀以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)源與(yu)人員和其(qi)他保護(hu)(hu)對象之間的(de)安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)(ying)取各種(zhong)(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)（地震、沖擊(ji)波(bo)、飛石(shi)、有(you)(you)毒(du)氣體等）分別核定(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)(shi)，必然(ran)產(chan)生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地震、空氣沖擊(ji)波(bo)、碎石(shi)飛散(san)及有(you)(you)害氣體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)時(shi)(shi)必須確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)危害范圍，并(bing)確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井(jing)巷等的(de)安(an)全，這一段距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)稱(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何控(kong)制(zhi)好這段距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)顯的(de)尤為重要。為保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地點與(yu)人員或其(qi)他應(ying)(ying)(ying)保護(hu)(hu)對象之間必須保持短的(de)相(xiang)隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效應(ying)(ying)(ying)隨距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)有(you)(you)規(gui)(gui)律地衰減(jian)，用距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作為安(an)全尺(chi)度可限(xian)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效應(ying)(ying)(ying)在允(yun)許限(xian)度之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全規(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地震安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，個別飛散(san)物安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖擊(ji)波(bo)的(de)安(an)全距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。