我國20世紀60年代利用(yong)(yong)(yong)斷裂(lie)力學(xue)對巖(yan)石損(sun)傷引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)裂(lie)紋擴展進行過(guo)試(shi)驗研(yan)究，為聚(ju)能(neng)爆破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到工(gong)程(cheng)做了(le)(le)不少理論分析(xi)，也取得(de)一些進展。80年代中期開(kai)始進行應用(yong)(yong)(yong)研(yan)究，以北京礦業學(xue)院為代表(biao)，著重研(yan)究了(le)(le)聚(ju)能(neng)藥包切(qie)割(ge)(ge)饑理和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。1987年淮南礦業學(xue)院取得(de)“雙面(mian)切(qie)割(ge)(ge)器”的(de)(de)(de)zhuanli，1995年又取得(de)“大理石花崗巖(yan)切(qie)割(ge)(ge)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年中國水(shui)電七局(ju)曾試(shi)圖采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)硬(ying)質紙加工(gong)聚(ju)能(neng)藥管成(cheng)形聚(ju)能(neng)藥卷(juan)做過(guo)聚(ju)能(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)爆破(po)試(shi)驗研(yan)究，但終因(yin)當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)及(ji)工(gong)藝水(shui)平的(de)(de)(de)限制無法用(yong)(yong)(yong)于正(zheng)常施(shi)工(gong)，但是他們開(kai)了(le)(le)橢圓雙極線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)結構試(shi)驗的(de)(de)(de)先河。雙聚(ju)能(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)與光面(mian)爆破(po)綜合(he)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)開(kai)創輪廓控制爆破(po)新時代。

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)、形(xing)罩(zhao)、隔板、殼體、引信和(he)(he)(he)(he)支架等部分組成，其(qi)作用(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包威(wei)力的(de)(de)(de)影響分述(shu)如下(xia)。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是(shi)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆壓越大，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈(dan)威(wei)力越大；為(wei)得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)有(you)(you)(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等，裝方(fang)法有(you)(you)(you)熔(rong)鑄(zhu)，塑裝和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓裝多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)把(ba)炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)體材料的(de)(de)(de)射(she)流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提高其(qi)穿(chuan)透和(he)(he)(he)(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材料必須滿足四點要(yao)求，即可壓縮性小(xiao)、密(mi)度高、塑性和(he)(he)(he)(he)延展(zhan)性好，在(zai)形(xing)成射(she)流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)不汽化。大量(liang)試驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效(xiao)果好，其(qi)次為(wei)鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和(he)(he)(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)軸(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)、拋物線形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)等；面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)于切割(ge)屬板材的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)用(yong)于切割(ge)管材的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)(you)(you)球(qiu)形(xing)空(kong)腔和(he)(he)(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)外(wai)敷設(she)炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆，可在(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)(zhong)心點獲(huo)得極大的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軸(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)面(mian)對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。

我國(guo)于(yu)1983年(nian)制定了(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)(wei)(wei)必須(xu)進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)質量的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)上(shang)修訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編(bian)入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也不僅規(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安全措施(shi)，而且還明確(que)了(le)路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢(jian)測數量和(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)，有力地推動和(he)促進了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)與發展(zhan)。

水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)在隧道(dao)掘進(jin)作(zuo)業中的(de)(de)實(shi)際應用。提升光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)水平、嚴抓隧道(dao)超挖管控進(jin)行了(le)介紹(shao)。聚能水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)工藝技(ji)術(shu)很成熟、可(ke)操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)很強、材料成本很低、施(shi)工速度很快、節(jie)能環(huan)保(bao)效(xiao)果很顯著、經濟效(xiao)益(yi)社會效(xiao)益(yi)很高。一是(shi)要(yao)(yao)提高對(dui)推(tui)廣該項技(ji)術(shu)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性(xing)和必然性(xing)的(de)(de)認識(shi);二是(shi)要(yao)(yao)樹(shu)立必須采取聚能水壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)意識(shi);三(san)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)持培訓、示范、監督“三(san)位一體”;四是(shi)要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)定切實(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲制(zhi)度;五是(shi)要(yao)(yao)建立檢查(cha)監督機制(zhi)，持續促進(jin)該項技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)深入(ru)推(tui)廣。在隧道(dao)施(shi)工的(de)(de)現場管理、科技(ji)創(chuang)新、人才(cai)培養、經濟效(xiao)益(yi)等方面的(de)(de)不足。建議對(dui)施(shi)工一線基(ji)礎技(ji)術(shu)工作(zuo)扎實(shi)推(tui)進(jin);對(dui)新工藝、先進(jin)工法要(yao)(yao)深入(ru)學習鉆研(yan);對(dui)消極(ji)懈怠、故(gu)步自封的(de)(de)思(si)想要(yao)(yao)堅(jian)決(jue)抵制(zhi)。

火索起爆法，導火索起爆法是利用導火索傳遞火焰點燃火雷管進而起爆炸藥。這種起爆法所需的材料有：導火索、火雷管和點火材料。專用o型聚能管導火索起爆法操作簡單、靈活，使用方便，成本較低，廣泛應用于小型爆破和掘進。由于導火索的速燃、緩燃等弊病，在爆破中事故所占比重最大。不能多處裝藥同時起爆。導爆索起爆法，o型聚能管廠家用導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索直接(jie)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥包的(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。先(xian)用雷管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索，當導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波傳至炸藥包時(shi)，將炸藥引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需要延時(shi)分(fen)段(duan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)地方(fang)，將導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索中接(jie)入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)，就能達到導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)目的(de)。這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法(fa)(fa)所需起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材(cai)料有：雷管(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索和繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)等(deng)(deng)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)常(chang)用的(de)有：串聯、簇并(bing)聯、單向分(fen)段(duan)并(bing)聯和雙(shuang)向分(fen)段(duan)并(bing)聯等(deng)(deng)。