我(wo)國20世紀60年(nian)代利用(yong)斷裂(lie)力學(xue)對巖石損(sun)傷引起的裂(lie)紋擴展進(jin)行(xing)過試(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)，為聚(ju)能(neng)爆破(po)(po)技術應用(yong)到(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)做了不少理(li)論分(fen)析，也取(qu)(qu)得一(yi)些進(jin)展。80年(nian)代中(zhong)期開始進(jin)行(xing)應用(yong)研(yan)究(jiu)，以北京礦業(ye)學(xue)院為代表，著重(zhong)研(yan)究(jiu)了聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)切割饑理(li)和應用(yong)。1987年(nian)淮南礦業(ye)學(xue)院取(qu)(qu)得“雙(shuang)面(mian)切割器”的zhuanli，1995年(nian)又取(qu)(qu)得“大理(li)石花崗巖切割技術應用(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)中(zhong)國水電七局曾試(shi)圖采用(yong)硬質紙加(jia)工(gong)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)管成形(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)卷做過聚(ju)能(neng)預裂(lie)爆破(po)(po)試(shi)驗研(yan)究(jiu)，但終因(yin)當時(shi)的技術及(ji)工(gong)藝水平的限(xian)制無法用(yong)于(yu)正常施工(gong)，但是他(ta)們開了橢圓雙(shuang)極線性聚(ju)能(neng)結構試(shi)驗的先河(he)。雙(shuang)聚(ju)能(neng)預裂(lie)與光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)綜合技術開創輪廓控(kong)制爆破(po)(po)新時(shi)代。

南通爆破多向聚能管是由管體、前錐形定格帽、后定格堵構成，管體為塑性材料制成，呈管狀，管體外徑小于正常炮眼內徑，長度可隨爆破需要生產，管體兩端各有外螺紋，兩端外螺紋間有一縱向切縫，切縫間等距有加強筋，前錐形定格帽呈傘狀，傘形尖有一光孔，兩側直壁內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑前端螺紋配合，帽體外徑大于管體，后定格堵為一封蓋，外徑直徑大于管體外徑，與前錐形定格帽外徑一致，后定格堵內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑后端螺紋配合。專業爆破多向聚能管可根據(ju)炮眼深度采用合適的(de)聚能(neng)管管體(ti)，不(bu)需其他工具幫助送入炮眼，切縫方向準確，兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)前錐(zhui)形(xing)定(ding)格帽(mao)和后定(ding)格堵(du)外徑(jing)與炮眼內徑(jing)一(yi)致，保證聚能(neng)管管體(ti)同心，定(ding)向準確。且(qie)利于工業(ye)化生產(chan)，作業(ye)安全

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)破(po)(po)碎(sui)法(fa)(fa)特點(dian)是:不(bu)需要打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)，因(yin)而不(bu)需要購買打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)設備和動力設備;施工(gong)(gong)簡單，施工(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)比(bi)淺眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆(bao)破(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)快安全性比(bi)普通(tong)淺眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆(bao)破(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)和普通(tong)裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)法(fa)(fa)好(hao);勞動強度(du)比(bi)淺眼(yan)(yan)(yan)爆(bao)破(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)低(di)。制造聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)所(suo)采(cai)用的(de)炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)有:黑索(suo)金(jin)(jin)和梯(ti)恩梯(ti)混合熔(rong)鑄(zhu)型(xing);乳化油炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和黑索(suo)金(jin)(jin)混裝型(xing)和二(er)號巖(yan)石硝鉸炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制型(xing)。根據使(shi)用的(de)結果證(zheng)明，選用密度(du)較(jiao)大(da)(da)和爆(bao)速較(jiao)高的(de)炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)制造聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)能獲(huo)得較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)破(po)(po)碎(sui)效果。這主要是由(you)于它(ta)加工(gong)(gong)簡單和破(po)(po)碎(sui)能力較(jiao)大(da)(da)。在礦(kuang)山由(you)于二(er)次破(po)(po)碎(sui)消耗(hao)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)較(jiao)多，而且金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)罩的(de)加工(gong)(gong)費工(gong)(gong)又費材(cai)料，所(suo)以多不(bu)采(cai)用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)罩。國(guo)內生產的(de)一種(zhong)用于破(po)(po)碎(sui)大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)，裝置(zhi)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)時(shi)，要將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)垂直裝在大(da)(da)塊(kuai)的(de)頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)上，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)位置(zhi)應選在頂(ding)面(mian)(mian)的(de)幾(ji)何(he)中心或附近較(jiao)平整(zheng)的(de)地點(dian)。然后在上面(mian)(mian)覆(fu)蓋泥沙。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)、形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體(ti)(ti)、引(yin)信和(he)(he)(he)(he)支(zhi)架等部(bu)分組成(cheng)，其(qi)(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)及對(dui)(dui)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)包威力(li)的(de)(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是(shi)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓(ya)越(yue)大(da)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)彈威力(li)越(yue)大(da)；為得(de)到高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓(ya)，需高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)有梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等，裝方(fang)法(fa)有熔鑄(zhu)，塑(su)裝和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)裝多種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)是(shi)把炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)(ti)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)(gao)其(qi)(qi)穿(chuan)透和(he)(he)(he)(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料必須滿(man)足四點(dian)要求(qiu)，即可壓(ya)縮性小、密(mi)度高(gao)(gao)、塑(su)性和(he)(he)(he)(he)延(yan)展性好，在(zai)形(xing)成(cheng)射流中不汽化(hua)。大(da)量試驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作(zuo)(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其(qi)(qi)次(ci)為鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼(gang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣，主要有軸(zhou)對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐(zhui)形(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)、拋物線形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)等；面對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有用(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)屬板(ban)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)用(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)管(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中心對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)包，中心有球(qiu)形(xing)空腔(qiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同(tong)時起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，可在(zai)空腔(qiang)中心點(dian)獲得(de)極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量集中。在(zai)工(gong)程中常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軸(zhou)對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)面對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

在(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)、礦山(shan)(shan)、水庫等(deng)大型工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)很關(guan)鍵很重要(yao)。采礦修(xiu)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)山(shan)(shan)挖隧道(dao)，城(cheng)市(shi)對(dui)舊建筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)拆(chai)除，都(dou)會(hui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術。隨著(zhu)經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)發展、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設的(de)(de)(de)增多(duo)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)引起了人們(men)更多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)聚能(neng)管作為一種(zhong)科學技(ji)術，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)很廣，但在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)上的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)無疑是重要(yao)、常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，采礦開(kai)山(shan)(shan)，修(xiu)鐵(tie)路(lu)、公(gong)(gong)路(lu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鉆(zhan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)來開(kai)掘(jue)隧道(dao)，水利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)上也用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一些，城(cheng)市(shi)里(li)面也使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了，拆(chai)除樓(lou)房。利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)炸爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸產生的(de)(de)(de)巨大能(neng)量破(po)(po)壞某種(zhong)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)原結構，這(zhe)種(zhong)"破(po)(po)壞"效果不是其(qi)他方法(fa)能(neng)代替的(de)(de)(de)，它雖然不是獨立(li)完成一個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，但卻是一個(ge)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)，特別(bie)是石方開(kai)挖、礦山(shan)(shan)開(kai)采等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)缺少了這(zhe)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)還不行。中國(guo)目前有發達的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)路(lu)和公(gong)(gong)路(lu)交(jiao)通網(wang)，可以想象，當(dang)初(chu)在(zai)修(xiu)這(zhe)些路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)時候會(hui)遇到許多(duo)高山(shan)(shan)峻嶺，一座大山(shan)(shan)橫在(zai)兩地之間，想要(yao)修(xiu)路(lu)，就(jiu)(jiu)必須讓(rang)這(zhe)座山(shan)(shan)消失，這(zhe)個(ge)時候聚能(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)就(jiu)(jiu)起到決(jue)定性作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了。

各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材銷毀以(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與人員和其(qi)(qi)他(ta)保(bao)護對象之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應取各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應（地(di)(di)震(zhen)、沖(chong)擊(ji)波、飛(fei)石(shi)、有毒氣體等(deng)）分別核定(ding)的(de)(de)大值(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時，必(bi)然產生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)、空氣沖(chong)擊(ji)波、碎石(shi)飛(fei)散及有害(hai)(hai)氣體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)時必(bi)須確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危害(hai)(hai)范圍，并確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到(dao)附(fu)近人員、設備(bei)、建筑物(wu)及井(jing)巷等(deng)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一(yi)段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就稱為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何控制好(hao)這(zhe)段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就顯的(de)(de)尤為(wei)(wei)重要。為(wei)(wei)保(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)點與人員或其(qi)(qi)他(ta)應保(bao)護對象之(zhi)間(jian)必(bi)須保(bao)持短(duan)的(de)(de)相隔長(chang)度(du)(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有害(hai)(hai)效(xiao)應隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)增加有規(gui)律地(di)(di)衰減(jian)，用距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度(du)(du)可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有害(hai)(hai)效(xiao)應在允許(xu)限度(du)(du)之(zhi)內(nei)。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)程(cheng)》規(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，個別飛(fei)散物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，以(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖(chong)擊(ji)波的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。