聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸、形(xing)罩(zhao)、隔(ge)板、殼(ke)體(ti)、引(yin)信和(he)(he)(he)(he)支架等(deng)(deng)部分(fen)組成，其作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)及(ji)對聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包威(wei)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述如下。1．炸，炸是聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓越大(da)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力越大(da)；為得到(dao)高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)壓，需高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)速(su)、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炸。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)炸有(you)(you)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸等(deng)(deng)，裝方法有(you)(you)熔(rong)鑄，塑(su)裝和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓裝多(duo)(duo)種。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)是把炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其穿透和(he)(he)(he)(he)切(qie)(qie)割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料必須(xu)滿(man)足(zu)四點(dian)要求，即可壓縮性(xing)(xing)小、密度高(gao)、塑(su)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)好，在(zai)(zai)形(xing)成射流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽化。大(da)量(liang)試驗證明，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)紫銅制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)(he)(he)(he)陶(tao)瓷(ci)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀多(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)樣，主要有(you)(you)軸(zhou)(zhou)對稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)、半球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)、拋物線形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)等(deng)(deng)；面對稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于切(qie)(qie)割(ge)屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于切(qie)(qie)割(ge)管材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)心對稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)(you)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)空(kong)腔(qiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)，球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，可在(zai)(zai)空(kong)腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)獲得極大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是軸(zhou)(zhou)對稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)面對稱型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。

合肥爆破多向聚能管是由管體、前錐形定格帽、后定格堵構成，管體為塑性材料制成，呈管狀，管體外徑小于正常炮眼內徑，長度可隨爆破需要生產，管體兩端各有外螺紋，兩端外螺紋間有一縱向切縫，切縫間等距有加強筋，前錐形定格帽呈傘狀，傘形尖有一光孔，兩側直壁內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑前端螺紋配合，帽體外徑大于管體，后定格堵為一封蓋，外徑直徑大于管體外徑，與前錐形定格帽外徑一致，后定格堵內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑后端螺紋配合。專用爆破多向聚能管可根據炮眼深度采用合適的聚能管管體，不需其他工具幫助送(song)入炮眼，切(qie)縫方向準(zhun)確，兩端(duan)的前錐形(xing)定格帽和后定格堵外(wai)徑與炮眼內徑一致，保證聚能管管體同心，定向準(zhun)確。且利于(yu)工業化生產，作業安全(quan)

水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)基礎上發展起來的(de)一項新技(ji)術(shu)，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥(yao)(yao)結構和爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破方式與(yu)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破相同，但在(zai)周邊眼中安裝專用(yong)線性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)管替代(dai)常規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破藥(yao)(yao)卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)線，利用(yong)線性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)管產生(sheng)的(de)粒子(zi)射流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)、高壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用(yong)，形成平整(zheng)圓順的(de)開(kai)挖輪廓面(mian)，對(dui)控制(zhi)超欠(qian)挖具有(you)良(liang)好(hao)效(xiao)(xiao)果，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提(ti)升了(le)隧道(dao)施工(gong)質(zhi)量、進度和經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益。水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破較水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破，在(zai)周邊眼單循環(huan)火(huo)工(gong)品使(shi)(shi)用(yong)量上節(jie)(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔數量從39個(ge)下降為23個(ge)費(fei)用(yong)節(jie)(jie)約41%，混(hun)凝(ning)土噴射每(mei)延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)約1.37立方米(mi)。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破比(bi)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破每(mei)循環(huan)節(jie)(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每(mei)延米(mi)節(jie)(jie)約76較元(yuan)，節(jie)(jie)約費(fei)用(yong)比(bi)例達(da)32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破能(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降低(di)隧道(dao)內石渣塊度和粉塵含量，還可使(shi)(shi)通風時間有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)縮短33%。

水(shui)壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)隧(sui)道掘進(jin)作(zuo)業中的(de)(de)實際應用。提(ti)升光面(mian)爆(bao)破水(shui)平、嚴抓隧(sui)道超挖管控進(jin)行了介(jie)紹。聚能水(shui)壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)成熟、可(ke)操作(zuo)性(xing)很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)速度(du)很(hen)快、節能環(huan)保效果(guo)很(hen)顯著(zhu)、經濟效益(yi)社會效益(yi)很(hen)高。一是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高對(dui)推(tui)廣(guang)該(gai)項技(ji)術(shu)(shu)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)和必(bi)然性(xing)的(de)(de)認識;二是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)樹立必(bi)須采取聚能水(shui)壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破的(de)(de)意識;三是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)培訓、示范、監(jian)督“三位(wei)一體”;四是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)定切實的(de)(de)獎懲制(zhi)度(du);五是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)建立檢(jian)查監(jian)督機制(zhi)，持(chi)續促進(jin)該(gai)項技(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)深入(ru)推(tui)廣(guang)。在(zai)隧(sui)道施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)管理、科技(ji)創新、人才培養、經濟效益(yi)等方面(mian)的(de)(de)不足。建議(yi)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)一線基(ji)礎(chu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)工(gong)作(zuo)扎實推(tui)進(jin);對(dui)新工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)、先進(jin)工(gong)法(fa)要(yao)(yao)深入(ru)學習(xi)鉆研;對(dui)消極懈怠、故步自封的(de)(de)思(si)想要(yao)(yao)堅決抵制(zhi)。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀(hui)以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)源(yuan)與(yu)人員(yuan)和其(qi)他(ta)(ta)保(bao)(bao)護對象之間的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)稱(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)應(ying)取各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)效應(ying)（地(di)震(zhen)、沖(chong)(chong)擊波、飛(fei)石、有(you)(you)(you)毒氣體等）分別核定的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)、空氣沖(chong)(chong)擊波、碎(sui)石飛(fei)散(san)及有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)氣體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計(ji)時(shi)必須(xu)(xu)確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)范圍，并確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人員(yuan)、設(she)備、建筑物及井巷(xiang)等的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全，這一段距(ju)(ju)離(li)就稱(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)。如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)離(li)就顯的(de)尤為重要。為保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)點與(yu)人員(yuan)或其(qi)他(ta)(ta)應(ying)保(bao)(bao)護對象之間必須(xu)(xu)保(bao)(bao)持短的(de)相(xiang)隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)效應(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)的(de)增加(jia)有(you)(you)(you)規律(lv)地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)離(li)作為安(an)(an)(an)(an)全尺度可限(xian)定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)效應(ying)在允(yun)許限(xian)度之內。中(zhong)國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全規程》規定了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)，個別飛(fei)散(san)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖(chong)(chong)擊波的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全距(ju)(ju)離(li)。