聚(ju)能(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體(ti)、引信(xin)和(he)支架等部分(fen)組成(cheng)，其作(zuo)用及對(dui)(dui)聚(ju)能(neng)包(bao)威(wei)力的(de)(de)影響分(fen)述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是(shi)聚(ju)能(neng)管爆(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)壓越大，聚(ju)能(neng)彈威(wei)力越大；為(wei)得到(dao)高(gao)爆(bao)壓，需高(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常(chang)(chang)用炸(zha)(zha)有(you)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)等，裝(zhuang)方(fang)法(fa)有(you)熔(rong)鑄(zhu)，塑(su)裝(zhuang)和(he)壓裝(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)料的(de)(de)射(she)流動能(neng)，從而提高(gao)其穿(chuan)透和(he)切割能(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材(cai)料必須滿(man)足四點要求，即可壓縮性小、密度高(gao)、塑(su)性和(he)延(yan)展性好(hao)(hao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)流中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不汽化。大量(liang)試驗(yan)證明(ming)，用紫銅制作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效果好(hao)(hao)，其次為(wei)鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼(gang)和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物(wu)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)有(you)用于(yu)切割屬(shu)板材(cai)的(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用于(yu)切割管材(cai)的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外(wai)敷設炸(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)瞬間(jian)同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)(zai)(zai)空腔中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)點獲得極大的(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

采(cai)用(yong)一種(zhong)抗(kang)靜電阻(zu)燃(ran)的特(te)種(zhong)塑料管(guan)(guan)、異形雙槽聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)，根據(ju)炮眼深度(du)可長可短。是兩個相似半(ban)壁管(guan)(guan)組成，半(ban)壁管(guan)(guan)中央有個凹進去的槽叫做'聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽"，使用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)成型效(xiao)果好，開挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)線平順整齊，圍巖擾動(dong)(dong)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)、超欠挖(wa)明(ming)顯改(gai)善，有利于支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)，同時混(hun)凝土(tu)回(hui)填成本大為降低(di)(di)。鑿孔(kong)(kong)率減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)30%，大大降低(di)(di)了(le)(le)爆(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業工(gong)(gong)班的勞動(dong)(dong)量(liang)(liang):鉆孔(kong)(kong)縮短30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼、出渣(zha)量(liang)(liang)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)，降低(di)(di)了(le)(le)材料成本、減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)時消耗、勞動(dong)(dong)效(xiao)率明(ming)顯提高，周邊(bian)眼爆(bao)破(po)成本降低(di)(di)30%以(yi)上，半(ban)眼痕(hen)保留率高達85%以(yi)上。pvc爆(bao)破(po)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)主要應用(yong)于隧道、煤礦、鐵(tie)礦等需要進行光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)施工(gong)(gong)的工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。采(cai)用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)的光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)可減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)鉆孔(kong)(kong)，擴大孔(kong)(kong)距，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)導爆(bao)管(guan)(guan)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)超挖(wa)，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)噴漿，提高半(ban)孔(kong)(kong)率，既節省了(le)(le)成本又提高了(le)(le)施工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率。

我國(guo)于(yu)1983年制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖行基礎(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)設中(zhong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為(wei)必須進(jin)行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)開挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)上(shang)修訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖石基礎(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖石基礎(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規范(fan)(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)均被編(bian)入并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也不僅規定(ding)了(le)(le)凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以上(shang)的(de)(de)巖石邊(bian)坡，設計(ji)邊(bian)坡坡度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡部位(wei)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)或(huo)預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安(an)全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明(ming)確(que)了(le)(le)路(lu)塹邊(bian)坡光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收(shou)檢測(ce)數量(liang)和(he)檢測(ce)方(fang)法。無疑(yi)該規程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推動(dong)和(he)促進(jin)了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)與發(fa)展(zhan)。

各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)器(qi)(qi)材銷毀以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)器(qi)(qi)材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)源與(yu)(yu)人(ren)員(yuan)和其他保(bao)(bao)(bao)護對象之間(jian)的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)應(ying)取各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)效(xiao)應(ying)（地(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)、沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)波、飛(fei)石(shi)、有(you)(you)毒氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)等）分別核定(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時，必然產(chan)生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)、空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)波、碎石(shi)飛(fei)散及(ji)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計時必須(xu)(xu)確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)范圍，并確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人(ren)員(yuan)、設(she)備、建(jian)筑(zhu)物及(ji)井巷等的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，這一段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)就(jiu)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)。如何(he)控制好這段距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)就(jiu)顯的(de)尤為重要。為保(bao)(bao)(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)地(di)(di)點與(yu)(yu)人(ren)員(yuan)或(huo)其他應(ying)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護對象之間(jian)必須(xu)(xu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)持(chi)短(duan)的(de)相隔長度(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)效(xiao)應(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)的(de)增加有(you)(you)規律地(di)(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)作(zuo)為安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度(du)可(ke)限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)有(you)(you)害(hai)(hai)(hai)效(xiao)應(ying)在允許限度(du)之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規程》規定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)，個別飛(fei)散物安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)，以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)(chong)擊(ji)波的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)。

專用多向聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。黃山多向聚能管科學合理地利用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用效(xiao)率(lv)，對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)減(jian)排也十分重要。利用聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)兩端(duan)(duan)的水平開出的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)射流(liu)效(xiao)應(ying)對巖石進行破碎。據專家(jia)測(ce)算，由于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)兩端(duan)(duan)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)應(ying)，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比提(ti)升一個量(liang)級。

我國20世紀60年(nian)(nian)代利用(yong)(yong)(yong)斷(duan)裂(lie)力學(xue)對(dui)巖(yan)石損傷引起的裂(lie)紋(wen)擴展進行過試驗(yan)研究(jiu)，為聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆破(po)技術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)到工程做了(le)不(bu)少理(li)論分析(xi)，也取(qu)得一些(xie)進展。80年(nian)(nian)代中(zhong)期開始(shi)進行應用(yong)(yong)(yong)研究(jiu)，以北京礦(kuang)業學(xue)院為代表，著重研究(jiu)了(le)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥包切(qie)割饑理(li)和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。1987年(nian)(nian)淮南礦(kuang)業學(xue)院取(qu)得“雙(shuang)面切(qie)割器”的zhuanli，1995年(nian)(nian)又取(qu)得“大理(li)石花崗(gang)巖(yan)切(qie)割技術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國水(shui)電七局(ju)曾試圖采用(yong)(yong)(yong)硬質紙(zhi)加工聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥管(guan)成形聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥卷做過聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)爆破(po)試驗(yan)研究(jiu)，但終因當時(shi)的技術(shu)及工藝水(shui)平的限制無法用(yong)(yong)(yong)于正常施(shi)工，但是他們(men)開了(le)橢(tuo)圓雙(shuang)極(ji)線(xian)性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)結構試驗(yan)的先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)與(yu)光面爆破(po)綜合(he)技術(shu)開創(chuang)輪廓(kuo)控(kong)制爆破(po)新時(shi)代。