聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)包由炸、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼(ke)體、引信(xin)和(he)(he)支架(jia)等部(bu)分組成,其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)包威(wei)(wei)力(li)的(de)(de)影響分述(shu)如下(xia)。1.炸,炸是聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)能(neng)源,炸的(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越大,聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)彈威(wei)(wei)力(li)越大;為(wei)得到高(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya),需高(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)密度的(de)(de)炸。常用(yong)(yong)炸有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸等,裝方法有(you)熔鑄(zhu),塑(su)(su)裝和(he)(he)壓(ya)裝多種(zhong)。2.型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao),型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是把(ba)炸的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸能(neng)轉化(hua)成罩(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料的(de)(de)射流(liu)動能(neng),從而(er)提高(gao)其(qi)穿(chuan)透和(he)(he)切割(ge)能(neng)力(li)。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材(cai)料必須滿足四(si)點(dian)要求,即可(ke)壓(ya)縮性(xing)小、密度高(gao)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)和(he)(he)延展(zhan)性(xing)好,在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流(liu)中(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大量試驗證明,用(yong)(yong)紫銅制作(zuo)型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效果(guo)好,其(qi)次為(wei)鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和(he)(he)陶瓷。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣,主要有(you)軸(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing),如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物(wu)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等;面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing),常見的(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)于切割(ge)屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)于切割(ge)管(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong);中(zhong)心對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing),這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)包,中(zhong)心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao),球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸,若能(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時(shi)起(qi)爆(bao),可(ke)在(zai)空腔中(zhong)心點(dian)獲得極大的(de)(de)能(neng)量集中(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是軸(zhou)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)和(he)(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。
我國20世紀60年代利用斷裂力學對巖石損傷引起的裂紋擴展進行過試驗研究,o型聚能管公司為聚能爆破技術應用到工程做了不少理論分析,也取得一些進展。80年代中期開始進行應用研究,以北京礦業學院為代表,著重研究了聚能藥包切割饑理和應用。1987年淮南礦業學院取得“雙面切割器”的zhuanli,1995年又取得“大理石花崗巖切割技術應用”zhuanli。1991年中國水電七局曾試圖采用硬質紙加工聚能藥管成形聚能藥卷做過聚能預裂爆破試驗研究,o型聚能管公司但(dan)終因當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的技(ji)(ji)術及工(gong)藝水平的限制(zhi)無法(fa)用于正常施(shi)工(gong),但(dan)是他(ta)們開了(le)橢圓雙(shuang)極線性(xing)聚(ju)能結構試驗的先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)能預裂與光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)綜合技(ji)(ji)術開創輪廓(kuo)控制(zhi)爆(bao)破(po)新時(shi)(shi)代。
各(ge)種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀(hui)以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時,爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與人員和其他(ta)保(bao)護對象(xiang)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)(ying)取各(ge)種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)(地震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波、飛(fei)石、有(you)(you)毒氣體等(deng))分(fen)別核定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時,必(bi)然產生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震(zhen)、空氣沖擊(ji)波、碎石飛(fei)散(san)(san)及(ji)有(you)(you)害氣體,因此,爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)計時必(bi)須確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害范(fan)圍,并確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近(jin)人員、設(she)備(bei)、建筑物(wu)及(ji)井巷等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan),這(zhe)一(yi)段(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)稱為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何控(kong)制好這(zhe)段(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尤為重要。為保(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地點與人員或(huo)其他(ta)應(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)護對象(xiang)之間必(bi)須保(bao)持短(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)隔(ge)長度(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效應(ying)(ying)(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)增加有(you)(you)規(gui)律地衰(shuai)減(jian),用(yong)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作為安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度(du)可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)害效應(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)允許限度(du)之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)了(le)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震(zhen)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li),個(ge)別飛(fei)散(san)(san)物(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li),以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖擊(ji)波的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。
我(wo)國于1983年(nian)制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此,在(zai)(zai)水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為必須進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)此基(ji)礎上修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)石基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利(li)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(DL/T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)石基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(DL/T 5389~2007)中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編(bian)入并有(you)(you)所改(gai)進,DL/T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為DL/T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不僅(jin)規定(ding)了(le)(le)凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)石邊(bian)坡(po),設計(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1:0.1~1:0.75,在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)部(bu)位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設計(ji)和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po),并闡(chan)述了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而且還明確了(le)(le)路塹邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)項目(mu)質量(liang)驗收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和(he)檢測(ce)方(fang)法。無疑(yi)該規程的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),有(you)(you)力地推動(dong)和(he)促進了(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用與(yu)發展。
采用(yong)(yong)一種(zhong)抗靜電阻燃的(de)(de)特種(zhong)塑(su)料(liao)(liao)管、異形雙槽聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管,根據炮(pao)眼(yan)深(shen)度可(ke)長可(ke)短(duan)。是兩個相似半壁管組成,半壁管中央有個凹進(jin)去的(de)(de)槽叫做'聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽",使用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管光面爆破成型效(xiao)果好,開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)線平順整齊,圍(wei)巖擾動減(jian)少(shao)(shao)、超欠挖(wa)明顯改善,有利于支護(hu)工(gong)序施(shi)工(gong),同時混凝(ning)土(tu)回填成本大(da)為降(jiang)低(di)。鑿孔(kong)率減(jian)少(shao)(shao)30%,大(da)大(da)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)爆破作業工(gong)班(ban)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動量(liang):鉆(zhan)孔(kong)縮短(duan)30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)打(da)眼(yan)、出渣量(liang)減(jian)少(shao)(shao),降(jiang)低(di)了(le)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)成本、減(jian)少(shao)(shao)工(gong)時消耗、勞(lao)動效(xiao)率明顯提(ti)高(gao)(gao),周邊眼(yan)爆破成本降(jiang)低(di)30%以上(shang),半眼(yan)痕保留(liu)率高(gao)(gao)達85%以上(shang)。pvc爆破聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管主要應用(yong)(yong)于隧道(dao)、煤礦、鐵礦等需(xu)要進(jin)行光面爆破施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)程。采用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)光面爆破可(ke)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)鉆(zhan)孔(kong),擴大(da)孔(kong)距(ju),減(jian)少(shao)(shao)導爆管用(yong)(yong)量(liang),減(jian)少(shao)(shao)超挖(wa),減(jian)少(shao)(shao)噴漿,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)半孔(kong)率,既節省(sheng)了(le)成本又提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)施(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)率。