我國于1983年制定了《水工建筑物巖行基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，礦用型雙向聚能管廠家在水利水電建設中預裂爆破與光面爆破已成為必須進行的保護邊坡質量的爆破開挖技術措施。此后在此基礎上修訂的《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水電水利爆破工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂爆破與光面爆破均被編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規定了凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖石邊坡，設計邊坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，專用礦用型雙向聚能管在邊坡部位的(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計和施工都應采(cai)用光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡(chan)述了光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)施工技術設(she)計的(de)原則(ze)和參數(shu)、安全措施，而(er)且還(huan)明(ming)確了路(lu)塹邊坡光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)項(xiang)目(mu)質量驗收(shou)檢(jian)測數(shu)量和檢(jian)測方(fang)法。無疑該規程的(de)實施，有力地推動和促進了光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術在鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)的(de)應用與發展。

施(shi)工工藝嚴格遵循六字方(fang)針(掛滿、貼緊(jin)、對(dui)準(zhun))：(1)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)必須按(an)技術要(yao)(yao)求合理布置。(2)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證掏槽眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)以及其他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)位置上打(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan);二要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)深度(du)和角(jiao)度(du)。(3)聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)裝藥時(shi),要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證乳化炸藥在(zai)(zai)聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)空內壁中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)填充飽滿不得有空隙出現時(shi)以產生(sheng)拒(ju)爆。(4)聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)在(zai)(zai)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝填時(shi),要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)的兩條聚(ju)(ju)能槽指向巷(xiang)道(dao)輪廓(kuo)線方(fang)向并且(qie)各個炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)的聚(ju)(ju)能槽軸線方(fang)面要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證相互連(lian)接在(zai)(zai)隧道(dao)輪廓(kuo)線上。否則(ze)成型效果不僅不好,反(fan)而更(geng)差。(5)保(bao)證炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質量。(6)放炮(pao)員應(ying)提前按(an)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)裝好聚(ju)(ju)能管(guan)的炸藥,并做好準(zhun)備工作。試用范圍:一級至五級圍巖的光面爆破工程。

采(cai)用(yong)一種抗靜(jing)電阻(zu)燃的(de)(de)特種塑料(liao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、異形雙槽聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，根據炮眼(yan)深(shen)度(du)可(ke)長可(ke)短(duan)。是兩個相似半(ban)壁管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)組(zu)成，半(ban)壁管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)央有個凹進(jin)去的(de)(de)槽叫做(zuo)'聚能槽"，使用(yong)聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破成型效果好，開(kai)挖輪廓線(xian)平順整齊(qi)，圍巖擾動減(jian)少(shao)(shao)、超欠挖明顯改(gai)善，有利于支護工序施(shi)工，同時混凝土回填成本(ben)大為降(jiang)低(di)(di)。鑿孔(kong)率(lv)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)30%，大大降(jiang)低(di)(di)了爆(bao)(bao)破作(zuo)業工班的(de)(de)勞動量:鉆(zhan)孔(kong)縮短(duan)30分(fen)鐘(zhong)、少(shao)(shao)打眼(yan)、出渣量減(jian)少(shao)(shao)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)了材料(liao)成本(ben)、減(jian)少(shao)(shao)工時消耗、勞動效率(lv)明顯提(ti)高，周邊眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破成本(ben)降(jiang)低(di)(di)30%以(yi)上，半(ban)眼(yan)痕保留率(lv)高達85%以(yi)上。pvc爆(bao)(bao)破聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要應用(yong)于隧道、煤礦(kuang)、鐵(tie)礦(kuang)等需要進(jin)行(xing)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破施(shi)工的(de)(de)工程。采(cai)用(yong)聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破可(ke)減(jian)少(shao)(shao)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)，擴大孔(kong)距，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)用(yong)量，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)超挖，減(jian)少(shao)(shao)噴漿，提(ti)高半(ban)孔(kong)率(lv)，既節省了成本(ben)又(you)提(ti)高了施(shi)工效率(lv)。

聚能(neng)包由炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體(ti)、引信和支(zhi)架(jia)等部分(fen)組成(cheng)(cheng)，其作(zuo)用及對聚能(neng)包威力(li)的(de)(de)影(ying)響分(fen)述(shu)如下(xia)。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是(shi)聚能(neng)管爆(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)能(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越大(da)(da)，聚能(neng)彈威力(li)越大(da)(da)；為得(de)到高爆(bao)壓(ya)，需高爆(bao)速、高密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)(chang)用炸(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等，裝方法(fa)有(you)熔鑄，塑(su)裝和壓(ya)裝多種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用是(shi)把炸(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)轉化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材料的(de)(de)射(she)流動能(neng)，從(cong)而提高其穿透和切割(ge)(ge)能(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材料必(bi)須滿足四點要求，即(ji)可壓(ya)縮性(xing)小(xiao)、密(mi)度(du)高、塑(su)性(xing)和延展性(xing)好，在(zai)(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)射(she)流中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)汽化(hua)。大(da)(da)量試驗證明，用紫銅(tong)制(zhi)作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效果(guo)好，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多種(zhong)多樣，主要有(you)軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)有(you)用于(yu)切割(ge)(ge)屬板材的(de)(de)直線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用于(yu)切割(ge)(ge)管材的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔(qiang)和球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外(wai)敷(fu)設炸(zha)，若能(neng)在(zai)(zai)瞬間同時起(qi)爆(bao)，可在(zai)(zai)空(kong)腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心點獲得(de)極(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)能(neng)量集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用的(de)(de)是(shi)軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和面對稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

聚(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)特點是:不需要(yao)打(da)眼(yan)，因(yin)而(er)不需要(yao)購買打(da)眼(yan)設備(bei)和(he)(he)(he)動(dong)力設備(bei);施工(gong)簡單，施工(gong)進度(du)比淺(qian)眼(yan)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)(fa)快安全性比普(pu)通(tong)淺(qian)眼(yan)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)普(pu)通(tong)裸露藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)好(hao);勞動(dong)強度(du)比淺(qian)眼(yan)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)(fa)低。制(zhi)造聚(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)所采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)有:黑索(suo)金(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)(he)梯恩梯混合熔鑄(zhu)型(xing)(xing);乳化(hua)油炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)(he)黑索(suo)金(jin)(jin)混裝(zhuang)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)二(er)號巖(yan)石硝鉸炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)壓制(zhi)型(xing)(xing)。根據(ju)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)結果證明，選用(yong)密度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)和(he)(he)(he)爆速較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)制(zhi)造聚(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)能獲(huo)得較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)效果。這主(zhu)要(yao)是由于它(ta)加工(gong)簡單和(he)(he)(he)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)能力較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)。在礦山由于二(er)次破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)消耗的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)較(jiao)(jiao)多，而(er)且(qie)金(jin)(jin)屬藥(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)費(fei)工(gong)又費(fei)材料，所以多不采用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩。國內生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)一種用(yong)于破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)大(da)塊的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)，裝(zhuang)置(zhi)聚(ju)能藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)時，要(yao)將藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)垂(chui)直裝(zhuang)在大(da)塊的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)面(mian)上，聚(ju)能穴(xue)朝下。藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)位置(zhi)應選在頂(ding)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)幾何中心(xin)或附近較(jiao)(jiao)平(ping)整的(de)(de)(de)地(di)點。然后(hou)在上面(mian)覆蓋泥沙(sha)。

火(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)法，導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)法是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)傳遞火(huo)(huo)(huo)焰點(dian)燃火(huo)(huo)(huo)雷(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)炸藥(yao)。這(zhe)種起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)法所(suo)需(xu)的材(cai)料(liao)(liao)有：導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)、火(huo)(huo)(huo)雷(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)和點(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)法操作簡單、靈活，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)便，成本較(jiao)低，廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于小型爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)和掘進。由于導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)(huo)索(suo)的速(su)燃、緩燃等弊病，在爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)事故(gu)所(suo)占比重(zhong)最大。不能多處裝(zhuang)藥(yao)同時(shi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)法，用(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)直接起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)炸藥(yao)包(bao)的方(fang)(fang)法叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)法。先用(yong)(yong)雷(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)，當導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)的爆(bao)(bao)轟(hong)波傳至炸藥(yao)包(bao)時(shi)，將炸藥(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)。在需(xu)要延時(shi)分段起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)的地方(fang)(fang)，將導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)中(zhong)接入繼爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)，就能達到導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的目的。這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)法所(suo)需(xu)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)有：雷(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)和繼爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)等。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)網路常用(yong)(yong)的有：串(chuan)聯、簇并(bing)聯、單向分段并(bing)聯和雙(shuang)向分段并(bing)聯等。