我國于1983年制定了《水工建筑物巖行基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，爆破多向聚能管廠家在水利水電建設中預裂爆破與光面爆破已成為必須進行的保護邊坡質量的爆破開挖技術措施。此后在此基礎上修訂的《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水電水利爆破工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂爆破與光面爆破均被編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規定了凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖石邊坡，設計邊坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，專業爆破多向聚能管在邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)部位的爆破(po)設(she)計(ji)和施工都應(ying)采用(yong)光面爆破(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂爆破(po)，并闡述了(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆破(po)施工技(ji)術設(she)計(ji)的原則和參數、安(an)全措施，而且還明確(que)了(le)路塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆破(po)項目質量驗收(shou)檢(jian)測(ce)數量和檢(jian)測(ce)方(fang)法。無疑該規(gui)程的實施，有力(li)地推動和促進了(le)光面(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆破(po)技(ji)術在鐵路建設(she)中(zhong)的應(ying)用(yong)與發(fa)展。

水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)，是在(zai)水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)基(ji)礎(chu)上發展起來的一項新技(ji)術(shu)，其掏槽(cao)眼(yan)(yan)、輔助(zhu)眼(yan)(yan)裝藥(yao)結(jie)構(gou)和爆(bao)破(po)方式與水(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)相(xiang)同(tong)，但在(zai)周邊眼(yan)(yan)中安裝專用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)裝置替代常規(gui)爆(bao)破(po)藥(yao)卷和傳爆(bao)線，利用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)產(chan)生的粒(li)子(zi)射(she)流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、高壓爆(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體應力及“氣(qi)楔”作用(yong)，形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)整(zheng)圓(yuan)順的開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)，對控制超欠挖(wa)具有良(liang)好效果，有效提升(sheng)了隧道(dao)施工質量(liang)、進度和經(jing)濟效益。科學合(he)理地利用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源利用(yong)效率(lv)，對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)減排也(ye)十分(fen)重(zhong)要。利用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)的水(shui)(shui)平(ping)開(kai)出的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產(chan)生的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)射(she)流(liu)效應對巖石(shi)進行破(po)碎。據(ju)專家測算(suan)，由于聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)兩(liang)(liang)端(duan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產(chan)生的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)切割(ge)效應，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效比(bi)提升(sheng)一個(ge)量(liang)級。

聚能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)破(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)法(fa)特(te)點是:不需(xu)要(yao)打眼，因而不需(xu)要(yao)購(gou)買(mai)打眼設(she)備(bei)和動力設(she)備(bei);施工簡單(dan)，施工進度(du)比(bi)(bi)淺(qian)眼爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)法(fa)快安全性比(bi)(bi)普通淺(qian)眼爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)法(fa)和普通裸露藥包(bao)法(fa)好(hao);勞動強度(du)比(bi)(bi)淺(qian)眼爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)法(fa)低。制(zhi)(zhi)造聚能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)所(suo)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)炸藥有:黑索(suo)金和梯(ti)恩梯(ti)混合熔(rong)鑄型(xing)(xing);乳化油(you)炸藥和黑索(suo)金混裝型(xing)(xing)和二號巖石硝鉸(jiao)炸藥壓(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)型(xing)(xing)。根據使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)結果證明，選用(yong)密度(du)較(jiao)大(da)和爆(bao)速較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)炸藥制(zhi)(zhi)造聚能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)能(neng)(neng)獲得較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)效果。這主要(yao)是由于它(ta)加(jia)(jia)工簡單(dan)和破(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)能(neng)(neng)力較(jiao)大(da)。在(zai)礦山(shan)由于二次破(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)藥包(bao)較(jiao)多，而且金屬藥型(xing)(xing)罩的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工費工又費材(cai)料(liao)，所(suo)以多不采用(yong)藥型(xing)(xing)罩。國內生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)一種用(yong)于破(po)(po)(po)碎(sui)大(da)塊的(de)(de)(de)聚能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)，裝置(zhi)聚能(neng)(neng)藥包(bao)時，要(yao)將藥包(bao)垂直裝在(zai)大(da)塊的(de)(de)(de)頂(ding)面(mian)上，聚能(neng)(neng)穴朝(chao)下(xia)。藥包(bao)位置(zhi)應(ying)選在(zai)頂(ding)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)幾何中心或附近較(jiao)平整的(de)(de)(de)地(di)點。然后(hou)在(zai)上面(mian)覆蓋(gai)泥沙。

在(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，常(chang)用的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導(dao)(dao)火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法是利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法。它所需的(de)(de)器材有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)、導(dao)(dao)線(xian)和起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)(de)連接(jie)形(xing)式，要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據(ju)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)(fang)法、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模、工程的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)(li)等進行選擇，基本連接(jie)方(fang)(fang)式有(you)(you)：串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)、并聯(lian)(lian)、串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)并聯(lian)(lian)和并串(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法具有(you)(you)較安全、可靠、準確、高(gao)效等優點，在(zai)國內外仍占有(you)(you)較大比(bi)重。在(zai)大、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)仍是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在(zai)有(you)(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易(yi)受各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的(de)(de)干(gan)擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)有(you)(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)，不能使用普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)。

火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，導火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)導火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)傳遞火(huo)(huo)焰點燃(ran)火(huo)(huo)雷管進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)。這(zhe)(zhe)種起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)所(suo)需的(de)(de)材(cai)料有(you)(you)：導火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)、火(huo)(huo)雷管和(he)點火(huo)(huo)材(cai)料。導火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)操(cao)作簡單(dan)、靈活，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)方便，成本較(jiao)低，廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于小型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)和(he)掘進。由于導火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)速燃(ran)、緩燃(ran)等(deng)弊(bi)病，在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中事故(gu)所(suo)占(zhan)比重最大。不能(neng)(neng)多處裝(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)同時起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，用(yong)(yong)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)直接起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)包的(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)叫導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。先(xian)用(yong)(yong)雷管起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)，當導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波傳至(zhi)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)包時，將炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需要延時分(fen)段(duan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)地方，將導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)中接入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管，就能(neng)(neng)達到導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)法(fa)(fa)(fa)所(suo)需起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材(cai)料有(you)(you)：雷管、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)和(he)繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管等(deng)。導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)：串聯(lian)、簇(cu)并聯(lian)、單(dan)向(xiang)分(fen)段(duan)并聯(lian)和(he)雙向(xiang)分(fen)段(duan)并聯(lian)等(deng)。

是將炸藥裝在(zai)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)內，兩頭均放(fang)置(zhi)了水(shui)(shui)袋(dai)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)炸產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的高溫(wen)高壓(ya)(ya)射流，讓水(shui)(shui)袋(dai)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)“水(shui)(shui)楔(xie)”效(xiao)應,使圍(wei)巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展(zhan)。它是在(zai)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)基(ji)礎上發展(zhan)起來的一項新技(ji)(ji)術，區別只是在(zai)周邊眼(yan)中安裝專用線性聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥管(guan)替(ti)代(dai)常(chang)規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)藥卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)線，只要做到(dao)七(qi)大關鍵環節：水(shui)(shui)袋(dai)挺拔飽滿、炮(pao)泥軟硬適中、水(shui)(shui)袋(dai)裝填到(dao)底、炮(pao)泥回(hui)填到(dao)口、木棍逐節搗固、水(shui)(shui)藥緊密相(xiang)連、槽(cao)面必(bi)須平行，就能(neng)(neng)(neng)對控(kong)制超欠(qian)挖起到(dao)良(liang)好效(xiao)果。在(zai)推廣水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)的基(ji)礎上，去年9月，水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)的成(cheng)果上，今年更為深入地在(zai)興泉鐵路大嶺隧道、牡佳鐵路麻(ma)山隧道采用了此(ci)項技(ji)(ji)術，積累(lei)了成(cheng)功經驗。