我(wo)國于(yu)1983年(nian)制定(ding)了(le)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)行基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在水利水電建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)必須進(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)保護邊坡(po)(po)質量的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開挖技(ji)(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此后在此基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)石基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及在《水電水利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)石基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編(bian)入并(bing)有(you)所改進(jin)(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在修(xiu)編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不(bu)僅(jin)規(gui)定(ding)了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊坡(po)(po)，設(she)計邊坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊坡(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)計和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并(bing)闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)設(she)計的(de)(de)原則和(he)(he)參數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還明確了(le)路(lu)塹邊坡(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測(ce)數量和(he)(he)檢測(ce)方(fang)法(fa)。無(wu)疑該規(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地(di)推動和(he)(he)促進(jin)(jin)了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在鐵路(lu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)應用與(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)。

專用深孔爆破多向聚能管是將炸藥裝在聚能管內，兩頭均放置了水袋，聚能管爆炸產生的高溫高壓射流，讓水袋產生“水楔”效應,使圍巖裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是在水壓光面爆破基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，區別只是在周邊眼中安裝專用線性聚能藥管替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，只要做到七大關鍵環節：水袋挺拔飽滿、炮泥軟硬適中、水袋裝填到底、炮泥回填到口、木棍逐節搗固、水藥緊密相連、槽面必須平行，就能對控制超欠挖起到良好效果。深孔爆破多向聚能管廠家在推廣水(shui)壓爆(bao)破的(de)基礎上，去年9月，水(shui)壓聚能爆(bao)破的(de)成果上，今年更為深入地在興泉鐵路大嶺隧(sui)道(dao)、牡佳鐵路麻山隧(sui)道(dao)采用了(le)此(ci)項技術(shu)，積累(lei)了(le)成功經驗。

的(de)(de)軍事(shi)應用(yong)(yong)：聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)，早在二次世界大戰(zhan)期間就在軍事(shi)方(fang)面廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。國(guo)內在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)破(po)(po)甲技術(shu)(shu)如(ru)大錐(zhui)(zhui)角反艦(jian)導彈戰(zhan)斗部(bu)和大錐(zhui)(zhui)角反坦克地雷以及敏感彈戰(zhan)斗部(bu)等方(fang)面取得(de)了較為快速的(de)(de)發展，我(wo)國(guo)20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)打破(po)(po)國(guo)外技術(shu)(shu)封鎖獨立(li)自(zi)主研發成功原(yuan)子彈就是(shi)得(de)力于聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)轟擊(ji)核裝置而引爆原(yuan)子彈。的(de)(de)民爆應用(yong)(yong)——切槽(cao)爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)：聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)爆破(po)(po)用(yong)(yong)于工程(cheng)建(jian)設也是(shi)20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)開(kai)始的(de)(de)，首先(xian)是(shi)瑞(rui)典的(de)(de)U﹒Langefors提(ti)出孔壁切槽(cao)爆破(po)(po)利用(yong)(yong)槽(cao)口應力集(ji)中定向開(kai)裂的(de)(de)設想，后(hou)經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證(zheng)是(shi)有效的(de)(de)。70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)國(guo)外廣泛研究和應用(yong)(yong)了切槽(cao)爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術基礎上(shang)(shang)發展起來(lai)的(de)(de)一項(xiang)新(xin)技術，其掏槽眼(yan)(yan)、輔助眼(yan)(yan)裝藥(yao)結(jie)構(gou)和爆(bao)(bao)破(po)方式與水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)相同，但(dan)在周邊眼(yan)(yan)中安裝專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線性聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)替代常規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)藥(yao)卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)線，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線性聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)產生的(de)(de)粒子射流動(dong)能(neng)、高壓爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣體應力及“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，形成平整圓順的(de)(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)(mian)，對(dui)控制超欠挖具有(you)(you)良好效(xiao)果，有(you)(you)效(xiao)提升了(le)隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)(liang)、進度和經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，在周邊眼(yan)(yan)單循(xun)環火工(gong)品使用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)上(shang)(shang)節約(yue)(yue)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)(yan)鉆孔數量(liang)(liang)從39個下降為23個費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)節約(yue)(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約(yue)(yue)1.37立方米。聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)每循(xun)環節約(yue)(yue)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元，即(ji)每延米節約(yue)(yue)76較元，節約(yue)(yue)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)有(you)(you)效(xiao)降低(di)隧道(dao)內石渣塊度和粉塵含(han)量(liang)(liang)，還可使通風時間有(you)(you)效(xiao)縮短(duan)33%。

光面爆(bao)破技術優(you)勢：相對(dui)(dui)于傳(chuan)統爆(bao)破工藝，聚能管光面爆(bao)破比常規(gui)爆(bao)破具有以(yi)(yi)下優(you)勢∶少(shao)打眼(yan)，少(shao)裝藥。節(jie)約周邊鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)量(liang)50%，總鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)進尺減(jian)少(shao)30%；節(jie)約炸藥10～20%，雷(lei)管30%。節(jie)約噴漿料15-20%。節(jie)省(sheng)時(shi)間(jian)∶每循環鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)、裝藥、噴漿時(shi)間(jian)1.5-2.0小(xiao)時(shi)。在安全(quan)方面利(li)用水(shui)沙袋替代炮泥，以(yi)(yi)避免搗炮泥損毀電雷(lei)管導線，造成(cheng)(cheng)瞎炮。大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)對(dui)(dui)圍巖擾動(dong)，光面效果(guo)好，巖性(xing)條件差情況(kuang)下可以(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)超挖量(liang)，控(kong)制巷道成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)；巖性(xing)完(wan)整無(wu)節(jie)理(li)情況(kuang)下眼(yan)痕率(lv)可以(yi)(yi)達到90%以(yi)(yi)上，巷道成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)好，穩定性(xing)強(qiang)。布孔(kong)(kong)(kong)方式優(you)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)排(pai)掏槽(cao)布孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，單次掘進深(shen)度可以(yi)(yi)優(you)化(hua)提高10%到15%不等(deng)。由(you)于炮孔(kong)(kong)(kong)數量(liang)大(da)大(da)減(jian)少(shao)可以(yi)(yi)考慮一起全(quan)斷面起爆(bao)，節(jie)省(sheng)放炮時(shi)間(jian)。