給大(da)家介紹下(xia)爆破(po)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)原理∶炸藥爆炸產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)爆轟(hong)波(bo)通(tong)過聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)槽，將(jiang)炸藥的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉換成高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、高(gao)速、高(gao)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)射流(liu)，切割演示成縫。射流(liu)在(zai)孔(kong)壁產(chan)生射流(liu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力達(da)7000MPa，巖石(shi)動(dong)載(zai)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度為200MPa，抗(kang)拉為1/8～1/10的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度，相鄰兩炮孔(kong)互為鄰空面，疊加后的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮波(bo)變為稀疏波(bo)，在(zai)兩炮眼連線上使(shi)巖石(shi)結構斷裂，形(xing)成裂紋。準靜態氣(qi)體膨脹，靜態壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力在(zai)兩炮孔(kong)最短連線兩側產(chan)生拉力使(shi)巖石(shi)裂縫進一(yi)步擴(kuo)展。根據爆破(po)應力集中氣(qi)刃(ren)作用原則(ze)，爆破(po)氣(qi)體沿裂縫進一(yi)步擴(kuo)大(da)貫通(tong)，拋(pao)落巖石(shi)。

聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔(ge)板(ban)、殼(ke)體、引(yin)信(xin)和支架等部(bu)分組成(cheng)，其(qi)作用(yong)及(ji)對聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包威(wei)力(li)的影響(xiang)分述如下。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)是(shi)(shi)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)破的能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的爆(bao)壓(ya)(ya)越大(da)(da)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力(li)越大(da)(da)；為得到高(gao)(gao)(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya)(ya)，需高(gao)(gao)(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)(gao)(gao)密度的炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)等，裝方法(fa)有(you)熔(rong)鑄(zhu)，塑(su)裝和壓(ya)(ya)裝多(duo)種(zhong)。2．型(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)罩(zhao)的作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)把炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的爆(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化成(cheng)罩(zhao)體材料的射(she)流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)(gao)(gao)其(qi)穿透和切(qie)割能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)罩(zhao)的材料必須滿足四點要求(qiu)，即可(ke)壓(ya)(ya)縮性小、密度高(gao)(gao)(gao)、塑(su)性和延展(zhan)性好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)流中(zhong)不汽化。大(da)(da)量試(shi)驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)罩(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次(ci)為鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和陶瓷(ci)。型(xing)罩(zhao)的形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對稱(cheng)型(xing)，常(chang)(chang)見的有(you)用(yong)于切(qie)割屬(shu)板(ban)材的直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用(yong)于切(qie)割管材的環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)心對稱(cheng)型(xing)，這(zhe)種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)心有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可(ke)在(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)心點獲(huo)得極大(da)(da)的能(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的是(shi)(shi)軸對稱(cheng)型(xing)和面對稱(cheng)型(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)罩(zhao)。

各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器(qi)材銷毀以及(ji)(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器(qi)材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)源與人員和其他(ta)保護對象(xiang)之間(jian)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)稱(cheng)(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)取各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)（地震(zhen)、沖擊波、飛石(shi)、有(you)毒(du)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)等）分別核(he)定(ding)(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)時(shi)，必(bi)然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地震(zhen)、空氣(qi)沖擊波、碎(sui)石(shi)飛散(san)(san)及(ji)(ji)有(you)害氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)，因(yin)此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計時(shi)必(bi)須確(que)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)危害范圍，并確(que)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人員、設備、建筑(zhu)物及(ji)(ji)井巷等的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，這(zhe)一(yi)段距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就稱(cheng)(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。如何(he)控制(zhi)好(hao)這(zhe)段距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就顯的(de)尤(you)為重要。為保證(zheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地點與人員或其他(ta)應(ying)(ying)保護對象(xiang)之間(jian)必(bi)須保持短(duan)的(de)相隔長度(du)(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)的(de)增加有(you)規律地衰(shuai)減，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)作為安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)尺(chi)度(du)(du)可限(xian)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)在允許限(xian)度(du)(du)之內(nei)。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)規程》規定(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，個別飛散(san)(san)物安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，以及(ji)(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖擊波的(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。

采用一種(zhong)抗(kang)靜(jing)電阻燃的(de)特種(zhong)塑料(liao)管(guan)、異形雙槽聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)，根(gen)據炮眼(yan)深度可(ke)長可(ke)短。是兩(liang)個相似半壁(bi)管(guan)組成(cheng)(cheng)，半壁(bi)管(guan)中央有(you)個凹進去的(de)槽叫做'聚(ju)能(neng)槽"，使用聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)型效(xiao)果(guo)好，開挖(wa)輪廓線平順整齊，圍巖擾(rao)動(dong)(dong)減(jian)(jian)少、超欠挖(wa)明(ming)顯(xian)改善，有(you)利于(yu)支(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)，同時(shi)混凝(ning)土(tu)回填(tian)成(cheng)(cheng)本大為降低(di)。鑿孔率(lv)(lv)減(jian)(jian)少30%，大大降低(di)了(le)爆破(po)作業工(gong)班的(de)勞動(dong)(dong)量(liang):鉆孔縮短30分鐘、少打眼(yan)、出渣量(liang)減(jian)(jian)少，降低(di)了(le)材料(liao)成(cheng)(cheng)本、減(jian)(jian)少工(gong)時(shi)消(xiao)耗、勞動(dong)(dong)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)明(ming)顯(xian)提(ti)高(gao)，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)爆破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)本降低(di)30%以上，半眼(yan)痕(hen)保(bao)留率(lv)(lv)高(gao)達85%以上。pvc爆破(po)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)主要應用于(yu)隧道、煤(mei)礦(kuang)、鐵(tie)礦(kuang)等需要進行光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)工(gong)程(cheng)。采用聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)可(ke)減(jian)(jian)少鉆孔，擴大孔距，減(jian)(jian)少導(dao)爆管(guan)用量(liang)，減(jian)(jian)少超挖(wa)，減(jian)(jian)少噴漿(jiang)，提(ti)高(gao)半孔率(lv)(lv)，既節省了(le)成(cheng)(cheng)本又(you)提(ti)高(gao)了(le)施(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)。

梅州多向聚能管水壓爆破是在炮孔兩端填充水袋，中間裝上乳化炸，炮孔再用炮泥封死，炮孔間距很大，兩個炮空之間相距了一米左右，是常規爆破的炮孔間距的兩倍，這樣可以節省炮孔材料，這兩個凹槽又稱為聚能槽，聚能槽非常重要，放置的位置和方向都十分講究，一點也不能出錯，多向聚能管廠家在爆破的(de)瞬間(jian)，高溫高壓聚能(neng)(neng)射流立即往(wang)凹(ao)槽(cao)兩邊的(de)巖石進行切(qie)割，巖石如(ru)同豆腐一(yi)樣(yang)輕松被切(qie)割切(qie)割出來的(de)輪廓線十分平順，效(xiao)果極好，聚能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓爆破中的(de)水(shui)袋沒(mei)有降低(di)爆破的(de)效(xiao)果，反而能(neng)(neng)保護隧(sui)道周(zhou)邊植(zhi)被，減(jian)少地質擾動(dong)，降低(di)煙塵，重要(yao)的(de)是節省炸成(cheng)本，在未來這項技(ji)術會廣泛應用于工程中，降低(di)施工成(cheng)本。爆破聚能(neng)(neng)管水(shui)壓光面爆破較水(shui)壓光面爆破，在周(zhou)邊眼(yan)單(dan)循環火工品(pin)使用量上節約(yue)費(fei)用8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)鉆孔數(shu)量從39個下降為23個費(fei)用節約(yue)41%，混凝(ning)土噴(pen)射每延米節約(yue)1.37立方米。