專業雙向爆破聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。雙向爆破聚能管公司型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材料必須滿(man)足四點(dian)要求(qiu)，即可(ke)壓縮性(xing)(xing)小、密度高、塑性(xing)(xing)和(he)延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)好，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽(qi)化。大量試驗證(zheng)明(ming)，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效(xiao)果好，其(qi)次(ci)為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)陶瓷(ci)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇(la)叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)于切(qie)割(ge)屬板材的(de)(de)直線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于切(qie)割(ge)管(guan)材的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外(wai)敷設炸，若(ruo)能(neng)在瞬間同(tong)時起(qi)爆(bao)，可(ke)在空(kong)腔中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)點(dian)獲得極(ji)大的(de)(de)能(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)。在工(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破較(jiao)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破，在周邊眼單循(xun)環火工(gong)品使用(yong)量(liang)上節約費(fei)(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔(kong)數量(liang)從39個下降為23個費(fei)(fei)用(yong)節約41%，混凝土(tu)噴射(she)每(mei)延米節約1.37立方米。水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破比水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破每(mei)循(xun)環節約費(fei)(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即(ji)每(mei)延米節約76較(jiao)元，節約費(fei)(fei)用(yong)比例(li)達32%。此外，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)效降低隧道(dao)內石(shi)渣塊(kuai)度和粉塵含量(liang)，還可(ke)使通風時(shi)間有(you)效縮短33%。聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破工(gong)藝(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)成熟、可(ke)操作性很(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)低、施工(gong)速(su)度很(hen)快、節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)環保(bao)效果很(hen)顯(xian)著、經濟效益社會效益很(hen)高。聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)近幾年發展起(qi)來的一項(xiang)掘(jue)進新技(ji)術(shu)(shu),這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與傳統的光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術(shu)(shu)有(you)一定(ding)的差別,聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破原理(li)是(shi)在巷(xiang)道(dao)周邊眼中,將炸裝在聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)中起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破時(shi)利用(yong)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)的聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)作用(yong),以減(jian)少裂隙的數量(liang)和控制優勢(shi)裂隙的發展方向。

是由管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)、前錐形定(ding)(ding)格(ge)帽、后(hou)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)堵構成，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)為塑性材料制成，呈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)小于(yu)正(zheng)常(chang)炮眼內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)，長度(du)可(ke)隨爆破需要生產(chan)(chan)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)兩端(duan)各有(you)外(wai)(wai)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋，兩端(duan)外(wai)(wai)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋間有(you)一(yi)(yi)縱向切(qie)縫，切(qie)縫間等(deng)距有(you)加(jia)強筋，前錐形定(ding)(ding)格(ge)帽呈傘狀，傘形尖有(you)一(yi)(yi)光孔，兩側(ce)直(zhi)壁內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)有(you)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋，與管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)前端(duan)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋配合，帽體(ti)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)大于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)，后(hou)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)堵為一(yi)(yi)封蓋，外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)大于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)，與前錐形定(ding)(ding)格(ge)帽外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)致，后(hou)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)堵內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)有(you)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋，與管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)后(hou)端(duan)螺(luo)(luo)(luo)紋配合。可(ke)根據炮眼深(shen)度(du)采用合適的(de)聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)，不需其他工具幫助送入炮眼，切(qie)縫方向準確(que)，兩端(duan)的(de)前錐形定(ding)(ding)格(ge)帽和后(hou)定(ding)(ding)格(ge)堵外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)與炮眼內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)致，保證聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)同心，定(ding)(ding)向準確(que)。且利于(yu)工業(ye)化生產(chan)(chan)，作(zuo)業(ye)安全(quan)

在鐵(tie)路、礦(kuang)山(shan)、水(shui)庫等大(da)型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)作用(yong)很關鍵很重(zhong)要。采(cai)礦(kuang)修(xiu)路的(de)開山(shan)挖隧(sui)道，城市對舊建筑物的(de)拆(chai)除，都會用(yong)到爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術。隨著經濟的(de)發展(zhan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設的(de)增多，爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)引起(qi)了(le)人們更多的(de)關注(zhu)。爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)聚能(neng)管作為一(yi)(yi)(yi)種科學技(ji)術，應用(yong)很廣，但在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)上的(de)應用(yong)無疑(yi)是(shi)重(zhong)要、常見的(de)，采(cai)礦(kuang)開山(shan)，修(xiu)鐵(tie)路、公路用(yong)鉆爆法(fa)來(lai)開掘(jue)隧(sui)道，水(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)上也用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些，城市里面也使用(yong)了(le)，拆(chai)除樓(lou)房。利(li)用(yong)炸爆炸產(chan)生的(de)巨大(da)能(neng)量破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)某種物體的(de)原結構，這種"破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)"效果不是(shi)其他方(fang)法(fa)能(neng)代(dai)替的(de)，它雖然不是(shi)獨立完(wan)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，但卻(que)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)，特別(bie)是(shi)石(shi)方(fang)開挖、礦(kuang)山(shan)開采(cai)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)缺少了(le)這個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)還(huan)不行。中國目前(qian)有發達的(de)鐵(tie)路和公路交(jiao)通網，可以想象，當初在修(xiu)這些路的(de)時(shi)候會遇到許多高(gao)山(shan)峻(jun)嶺，一(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)大(da)山(shan)橫在兩(liang)地(di)之(zhi)間，想要修(xiu)路，就(jiu)必須讓這座(zuo)(zuo)山(shan)消失，這個(ge)時(shi)候聚能(neng)管爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)就(jiu)起(qi)到決(jue)定性作用(yong)了(le)。

各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀以(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材意(yi)外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與人(ren)員(yuan)和其他保護(hu)對(dui)象之(zhi)間的(de)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應取各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)(xiao)應（地(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)、沖(chong)擊(ji)波(bo)、飛石、有(you)毒氣體(ti)等(deng)(deng)）分別核定(ding)(ding)的(de)大(da)值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時，必然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)、空氣沖(chong)擊(ji)波(bo)、碎石飛散及有(you)害氣體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計時必須(xu)確(que)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害范圍，并確(que)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附(fu)近人(ren)員(yuan)、設備、建筑物及井(jing)巷等(deng)(deng)的(de)安(an)全(quan)，這一(yi)段(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何(he)控(kong)制好這段(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就顯的(de)尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要。為(wei)(wei)(wei)保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)點與人(ren)員(yuan)或其他應保護(hu)對(dui)象之(zhi)間必須(xu)保持短的(de)相(xiang)隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)(xiao)應隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)增加有(you)規(gui)(gui)律地(di)(di)衰(shuai)減，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)安(an)全(quan)尺度可限(xian)定(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)(xiao)應在允許限(xian)度之(zhi)內(nei)。中國(guo)《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)規(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)(zhen)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，個別飛散物安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，以(yi)及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖(chong)擊(ji)波(bo)的(de)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。

我國于1983年制(zhi)定了(le)《水工(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)行基礎(chu)(chu)開挖工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)(zai)水利(li)水電(dian)建設中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為必須進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開挖技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)(chu)上修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)(de)(de)《水工(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開挖工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及在(zai)(zai)《水電(dian)水利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開挖工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均被編(bian)入并有所(suo)改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也(ye)不僅規(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊(bian)坡(po)(po)，設計(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計(ji)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)都(dou)應采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)和參數(shu)、安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)，而且還(huan)明(ming)確了(le)路塹邊(bian)坡(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項(xiang)目(mu)質量(liang)驗收(shou)檢測數(shu)量(liang)和檢測方法(fa)。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地(di)推動和促進(jin)了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用與發展。