聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包由(you)炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔板、殼體、引信和支(zhi)架(jia)等部分(fen)組成，其作(zuo)用(yong)及對(dui)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包威力的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響分(fen)述如下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆破(po)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆壓(ya)越大(da)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越大(da)；為得到高(gao)爆壓(ya)，需高(gao)爆速、高(gao)密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常用(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓(ya)裝多(duo)種。2．型罩(zhao)，型罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)體材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其穿透和切(qie)割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)必(bi)須滿足四點(dian)要(yao)求(qiu)，即(ji)可壓(ya)縮性小、密(mi)度(du)高(gao)、塑性和延展性好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流(liu)中不(bu)汽化。大(da)量試(shi)驗證明，用(yong)紫(zi)銅制作(zuo)型罩(zhao)效果好，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和陶瓷。型罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種多(duo)樣，主要(yao)有軸(zhou)對(dui)稱型，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)稱型，常見的(de)(de)(de)有用(yong)于切(qie)割屬板材的(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和用(yong)于切(qie)割管材的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種；中心(xin)對(dui)稱型，這種球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中心(xin)有球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔和球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同(tong)時起(qi)爆，可在(zai)空腔中心(xin)點(dian)獲得極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中。在(zai)工程(cheng)中常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸(zhou)對(dui)稱型和面對(dui)稱型兩類型罩(zhao)。

南京o型聚能管發揮巨大效力的關鍵又在其上面的“聚能槽”上。項目部目前采用的聚能管有兩個“聚能槽”，通過這兩個聚能槽的作用讓爆炸的威力在隧道中切割出十分平順的輪廓線，的控制了爆破量，有效管控了超挖欠挖的現象。為了進一步嚴格控制開挖輪廓，達到提高光面爆破效果的目的，并研究出了聚能管上兩個“聚能槽”變為三個“聚能槽”的發明設計，目前，o型聚能管價格該(gai)發明(ming)設(she)計(ji)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)進入到(dao)了試生(sheng)產階段。未來，三“聚能槽”設(she)計(ji)的(de)聚能水壓(ya)爆破(po)技術(shu)將推動中鐵(tie)十(shi)四局四公司(si)張吉懷鐵(tie)路(lu)項目部施工開展邁(mai)上一個新的(de)臺階，給項目部帶(dai)來巨大的(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟效益。工程爆破(po)技術(shu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)過幾十(shi)年的(de)發展，已(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)滲透到(dao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)濟建(jian)設(she)的(de)眾多領域，特別(bie)為中國(guo)的(de)鐵(tie)路(lu)建(jian)設(she)、礦(kuang)山開采(cai)、城市(shi)拆舊定向(xiang)爆破(po)等做出了重要貢獻。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)在隧道掘進作(zuo)業中的(de)(de)(de)實際應用。提(ti)升光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、嚴抓(zhua)隧道超(chao)挖管控進行了介紹。聚能水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技術(shu)很成熟、可操作(zuo)性(xing)很強、材料成本很低(di)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速度很快、節能環(huan)保效果很顯著、經濟(ji)(ji)效益社(she)會效益很高。一是要(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)高對(dui)推(tui)廣(guang)該(gai)項技術(shu)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)和必然性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)認識(shi);二是要(yao)(yao)(yao)樹立必須采(cai)取聚能水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)意識(shi);三是要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅持培訓(xun)、示范、監(jian)督“三位一體”;四是要(yao)(yao)(yao)制定切實的(de)(de)(de)獎(jiang)懲制度;五是要(yao)(yao)(yao)建立檢查監(jian)督機制，持續促進該(gai)項技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)入推(tui)廣(guang)。在隧道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)現場(chang)管理、科技創(chuang)新、人才培養、經濟(ji)(ji)效益等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足。建議對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)一線基(ji)礎(chu)技術(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)扎實推(tui)進;對(dui)新工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、先進工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法要(yao)(yao)(yao)深(shen)入學習(xi)鉆研(yan);對(dui)消極懈(xie)怠、故步自(zi)封的(de)(de)(de)思想要(yao)(yao)(yao)堅決抵制。

光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術優(you)勢：相(xiang)對于(yu)(yu)傳統爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工藝(yi)，聚能管光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)比(bi)常規(gui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)具(ju)有(you)以下優(you)勢∶少(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼，少(shao)(shao)(shao)裝藥。節(jie)約(yue)周邊(bian)鉆孔(kong)(kong)量50%，總鉆孔(kong)(kong)進尺減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)30%；節(jie)約(yue)炸藥10～20%，雷管30%。節(jie)約(yue)噴(pen)漿(jiang)料(liao)15-20%。節(jie)省時(shi)(shi)間∶每循環鉆孔(kong)(kong)、裝藥、噴(pen)漿(jiang)時(shi)(shi)間1.5-2.0小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)。在安全方面(mian)利用水沙袋替代炮(pao)泥(ni)，以避免搗炮(pao)泥(ni)損毀電雷管導線(xian)，造成(cheng)瞎炮(pao)。大大減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)對圍(wei)巖擾動，光面(mian)效(xiao)果好，巖性條件差情(qing)況下可以大大減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)超挖量，控制(zhi)巷道(dao)成(cheng)型；巖性完整無節(jie)理(li)情(qing)況下眼痕率可以達(da)到90%以上，巷道(dao)成(cheng)型好，穩定性強(qiang)。布孔(kong)(kong)方式優(you)化成(cheng)多排掏(tao)槽(cao)布孔(kong)(kong)，單次(ci)掘進深度(du)可以優(you)化提高10%到15%不等(deng)。由于(yu)(yu)炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)數量大大減(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)可以考慮一(yi)起全斷面(mian)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，節(jie)省放(fang)炮(pao)時(shi)(shi)間。

是由管(guan)體(ti)(ti)、前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形定(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)、后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵構成，管(guan)體(ti)(ti)為(wei)塑性材料制成，呈(cheng)管(guan)狀，管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)小于正常炮眼(yan)(yan)內徑(jing)，長度可隨爆破需要生產，管(guan)體(ti)(ti)兩端(duan)(duan)各有(you)(you)(you)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，兩端(duan)(duan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)縱向(xiang)切縫，切縫間(jian)等距有(you)(you)(you)加強筋(jin)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形定(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)呈(cheng)傘狀，傘形尖有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)光孔，兩側直(zhi)壁內徑(jing)有(you)(you)(you)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，與管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)前(qian)(qian)(qian)端(duan)(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)配(pei)合，帽(mao)(mao)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)大(da)于管(guan)體(ti)(ti)，后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵為(wei)一(yi)封蓋(gai)，外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)直(zhi)徑(jing)大(da)于管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)，與前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形定(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)一(yi)致(zhi)，后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵內徑(jing)有(you)(you)(you)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，與管(guan)體(ti)(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)后(hou)端(duan)(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)配(pei)合。可根據(ju)炮眼(yan)(yan)深度采用(yong)合適的聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)管(guan)體(ti)(ti)，不(bu)需其他工具(ju)幫(bang)助送入(ru)炮眼(yan)(yan)，切縫方向(xiang)準確(que)，兩端(duan)(duan)的前(qian)(qian)(qian)錐(zhui)(zhui)形定(ding)格(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)和后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)堵外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)與炮眼(yan)(yan)內徑(jing)一(yi)致(zhi)，保證(zheng)聚(ju)能(neng)管(guan)管(guan)體(ti)(ti)同心，定(ding)向(xiang)準確(que)。且(qie)利于工業化生產，作業安(an)全(quan)