各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器材銷(xiao)毀以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)器材意(yi)外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)源與(yu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)和其他保(bao)(bao)護對象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)取各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)（地(di)(di)震(zhen)、沖擊(ji)波(bo)、飛石、有毒氣體(ti)等）分別核定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)時，必(bi)然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)、空氣沖擊(ji)波(bo)、碎石飛散(san)及(ji)有害氣體(ti)，因此(ci)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設計時必(bi)須確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)危害范(fan)圍，并(bing)確定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)、設備、建筑物及(ji)井巷等的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，這一(yi)段距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就稱(cheng)為爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何(he)控(kong)制好這段距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就顯的(de)(de)(de)尤(you)為重要。為保(bao)(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)點與(yu)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)或其他應(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)護對象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間必(bi)須保(bao)(bao)持短的(de)(de)(de)相隔長(chang)度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有害效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)隨距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)增加有規(gui)律地(di)(di)衰減，用距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)為安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)尺(chi)度可限(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)有害效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)在(zai)允許限(xian)度之(zhi)(zhi)內。中國(guo)《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)地(di)(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，個別飛散(san)物安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖擊(ji)波(bo)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。

在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)，常用的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)火(huo)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是(shi)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)雷管(guan)(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)。它所(suo)需的(de)器(qi)材(cai)有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)(guan)(guan)、導(dao)線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)的(de)連接(jie)形式，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方(fang)法(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)規模、工(gong)程的(de)重要(yao)性、所(suo)選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)(li)等(deng)進行選(xuan)擇，基本連接(jie)方(fang)式有(you)(you)：串聯、并(bing)聯、串并(bing)聯和并(bing)串聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有(you)(you)較安全、可靠、準確、高(gao)效等(deng)優點，在(zai)(zai)國內外(wai)仍(reng)占(zhan)有(you)(you)較大比重。在(zai)(zai)大、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)，主要(yao)仍(reng)是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別(bie)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要(yao)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易(yi)受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號的(de)干擾而發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)，不能使(shi)用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)(guan)(guan)。

是由管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)、前(qian)錐形(xing)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)、后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)構成(cheng)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)為(wei)塑性材料制成(cheng)，呈管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)小于正(zheng)常炮眼(yan)內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，長度可隨(sui)爆破需要生產(chan)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)兩(liang)端(duan)各有外(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)，兩(liang)端(duan)外(wai)(wai)(wai)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)間有一(yi)縱(zong)向(xiang)切縫(feng)，切縫(feng)間等距(ju)有加強筋，前(qian)錐形(xing)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)呈傘(san)狀(zhuang)，傘(san)形(xing)尖有一(yi)光(guang)孔，兩(liang)側直壁內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)有螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)端(duan)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)配合，帽(mao)(mao)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)，后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)為(wei)一(yi)封蓋，外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)直徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，與(yu)前(qian)錐形(xing)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)致，后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)有螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)后(hou)端(duan)螺(luo)(luo)紋(wen)(wen)配合。可根(gen)據炮眼(yan)深度采(cai)用合適的聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)，不需其他工具幫助送入炮眼(yan)，切縫(feng)方向(xiang)準確(que)，兩(liang)端(duan)的前(qian)錐形(xing)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)帽(mao)(mao)和后(hou)定(ding)格(ge)(ge)(ge)堵(du)外(wai)(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)炮眼(yan)內徑(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)致，保(bao)證聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)體(ti)同心，定(ding)向(xiang)準確(que)。且利于工業(ye)化生產(chan)，作業(ye)安全

茂名爆破多向聚能管發揮巨大效力的關鍵又在其上面的“聚能槽”上。項目部目前采用的聚能管有兩個“聚能槽”，通過這兩個聚能槽的作用讓爆炸的威力在隧道中切割出十分平順的輪廓線，的控制了爆破量，有效管控了超挖欠挖的現象。為了進一步嚴格控制開挖輪廓，達到提高光面爆破效果的目的，并研究出了聚能管上兩個“聚能槽”變為三個“聚能槽”的發明設計，目前，爆破多向聚能管價格該發明設計已經進入到了試(shi)生產階(jie)段。未來(lai)，三“聚能槽”設計的(de)(de)(de)聚能水壓爆破技術將推動中鐵(tie)十四局四公司(si)張吉(ji)懷鐵(tie)路(lu)項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)施(shi)工(gong)開(kai)展邁上一個新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)臺階(jie)，給項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)帶來(lai)巨大的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)效益。工(gong)程爆破技術經過幾十年的(de)(de)(de)發展，已經滲透到經濟(ji)建設的(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)領域，特(te)別為中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)路(lu)建設、礦山開(kai)采、城市拆舊定(ding)向爆破等做出(chu)了重要貢獻。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)、形罩(zhao)、隔(ge)板、殼體、引(yin)信(xin)和(he)(he)(he)(he)支架等(deng)部分組成(cheng)(cheng)，其作用(yong)及對聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下(xia)。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)是聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆破(po)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆壓(ya)越大，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越大；為得到高(gao)(gao)爆壓(ya)，需高(gao)(gao)爆速(su)、高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)梯(ti)恩(en)梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)等(deng)，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)熔鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)(cheng)罩(zhao)體材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射流(liu)(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而(er)提高(gao)(gao)其穿(chuan)透和(he)(he)(he)(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)必須滿(man)足四點(dian)(dian)要(yao)求，即可壓(ya)縮性(xing)(xing)小(xiao)、密(mi)度高(gao)(gao)、塑性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)延展性(xing)(xing)好(hao)，在(zai)形成(cheng)(cheng)射流(liu)(liu)中(zhong)不汽化。大量試驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好(hao)，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)(he)(he)(he)陶瓷(ci)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要(yao)有(you)軸對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形、半球(qiu)形、拋物線形和(he)(he)(he)(he)喇叭形等(deng)；面(mian)(mian)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)于切割(ge)屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直線形和(he)(he)(he)(he)用(yong)于切割(ge)管(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)心對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)種(zhong)球(qiu)形聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)心有(you)球(qiu)形空(kong)腔和(he)(he)(he)(he)球(qiu)形罩(zhao)，球(qiu)形罩(zhao)外敷(fu)設(she)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆，可在(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)心點(dian)(dian)獲得極大的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)面(mian)(mian)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。

一(yi)(yi)、查驗生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)資質(zhi)：1、經過(guo)(guo)歷(li)年年審(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法人(ren)營業(ye)執照：一(yi)(yi)般(ban)情況下，個(ge)體工商(shang)戶、個(ge)人(ren)獨資企(qi)(qi)業(ye)注冊資金低于(yu)人(ren)民幣五十萬元的(de)(de)(de)(de)即可認(ren)(ren)定(ding)為家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)作(zuo)坊式廠(chang)家(jia)(jia)。2、具備(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)納稅人(ren)資格的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅務(wu)(wu)登記證(zheng)(zheng)：企(qi)(qi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)年度銷售額(e)達(da)到或(huo)超過(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)金額(e)（以稅務(wu)(wu)發(fa)票(piao)開(kai)(kai)具數額(e)為準(zhun)）并(bing)經主管稅務(wu)(wu)機(ji)(ji)關核準(zhun)、具備(bei)(bei)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)票(piao)場所、專職會(hui)計及相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦稅機(ji)(ji)具才能升級為一(yi)(yi)般(ban)納稅人(ren)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)。3、經過(guo)(guo)歷(li)年年審(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織機(ji)(ji)構(gou)代(dai)碼證(zheng)(zheng)：組織機(ji)(ji)構(gou)代(dai)碼證(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)中華人(ren)民共和國(guo)境(jing)內始終不(bu)變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法定(ding)代(dai)碼標識，未(wei)經年度審(shen)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)，可視為非法機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。4、國(guo)家(jia)(jia)強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)證(zheng)(zheng)書：一(yi)(yi)般(ban)情況下，所有的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)只要(yao)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)范圍內產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)必須通過(guo)(guo)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)（CCC）。依基本常識判斷，既然(ran)單位名稱為“xxx電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)廠(chang)”“xxx線(xian)(xian)纜(lan)廠(chang)”，其(qi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)未(wei)通過(guo)(guo)或(huo)從未(wei)通過(guo)(guo)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)，證(zheng)(zheng)明其(qi)硬件(jian)、軟件(jian)設(she)施及人(ren)員配備(bei)(bei)根本達(da)不(bu)到一(yi)(yi)個(ge)合格的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)家(jia)(jia)應具備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。5、國(guo)際(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)體系(xi)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)證(zheng)(zheng)書：ISO國(guo)際(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)體系(xi)認(ren)(ren)證(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)整體素質(zhi)、產(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)管理水(shui)平(ping)以及服務(wu)(wu)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)標志。6、開(kai)(kai)戶許可證(zheng)(zheng)。