在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，常用(yong)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法是利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法。它所需的(de)器材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路的(de)連接(jie)形式，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方法、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規(gui)模、工(gong)程的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其(qi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力等(deng)進行選擇，基本連接(jie)方式有(you)：串聯、并(bing)聯、串并(bing)聯和并(bing)串聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法具有(you)較(jiao)安全(quan)、可(ke)靠、準確、高效等(deng)優點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)國內外仍占(zhan)有(you)較(jiao)大比(bi)重(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)大、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，主要(yao)仍是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別(bie)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)瓦(wa)斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)環(huan)境(jing)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要(yao)的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環(huan)境(jing)中，不能使用(yong)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)。

水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)技(ji)(ji)術在隧道(dao)掘(jue)進(jin)作(zuo)(zuo)業中的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際應用。提升光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)水平、嚴抓隧道(dao)超挖管控(kong)進(jin)行了介紹。聚(ju)能水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)工(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術很(hen)(hen)成(cheng)(cheng)熟、可操作(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)很(hen)(hen)強(qiang)、材(cai)料成(cheng)(cheng)本很(hen)(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)能環保效果很(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟(ji)效益社(she)會效益很(hen)(hen)高(gao)。一是要(yao)(yao)提高(gao)對推廣該項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)和(he)必(bi)然性(xing)的(de)(de)認識;二是要(yao)(yao)樹立必(bi)須采取聚(ju)能水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)的(de)(de)意識;三(san)是要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)培(pei)訓、示(shi)范、監督“三(san)位一體”;四是要(yao)(yao)制定(ding)切(qie)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲制度;五是要(yao)(yao)建立檢查(cha)監督機制，持(chi)續促進(jin)該項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)深入(ru)推廣。在隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)現(xian)場管理、科技(ji)(ji)創新(xin)(xin)、人才(cai)培(pei)養、經濟(ji)效益等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)不足。建議(yi)對施(shi)工(gong)一線基礎(chu)技(ji)(ji)術工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)扎實(shi)(shi)推進(jin);對新(xin)(xin)工(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)法要(yao)(yao)深入(ru)學習鉆研(yan);對消極懈(xie)怠、故步(bu)自封的(de)(de)思想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)堅決(jue)抵制。

預(yu)裂(lie)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)歷史與現狀：預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)(jie)布(bu)置(zhi)密集(ji)炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)取不(bu)耦合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低(di)威力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)區(qu)之(zhi)前(qian)起爆(bao)，從(cong)而在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)區(qu)與保留區(qu)之(zhi)間形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)裂(lie)縫，以減(jian)弱主爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)對保留巖體的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)平整(zheng)(zheng)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業。光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是沿設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)(jie)布(bu)設(she)(she)密集(ji)炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)，采(cai)用(yong)不(bu)耦合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低(di)威力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)之(zhi)后起爆(bao)的(de)(de)(de)以形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)平整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展是先(xian)出現光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，然(ran)后衍生(sheng)發(fa)展為(wei)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)(guo)內(nei)歷史與現狀，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)(zai)湖(hu)北陸水水電站施工中(zhong)做過淺孔(kong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵(tie)道部門在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)昆(kun)鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)(zai)西延線張家船工點，全(quan)(quan)長近200m的(de)(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹邊(bian)(bian)坡全(quan)(quan)部采(cai)用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后邊(bian)(bian)坡平整(zheng)(zheng)穩(wen)定，殘留的(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)清晰(xi)可(ke)見，是鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)路(lu)塹光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。

水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)較(jiao)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)周邊眼(yan)單(dan)循(xun)(xun)環火工品使用(yong)量(liang)上節(jie)(jie)約費用(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔數(shu)量(liang)從39個(ge)下降(jiang)為23個(ge)費用(yong)節(jie)(jie)約41%，混凝土(tu)噴射(she)每延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)(jie)約1.37立方米(mi)(mi)。水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)比水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)每循(xun)(xun)環節(jie)(jie)約費用(yong)258.4元(yuan)，即每延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)(jie)約76較(jiao)元(yuan)，節(jie)(jie)約費用(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚能管(guan)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)能有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)隧(sui)道內石渣塊度和粉塵(chen)含量(liang)，還(huan)可使通風(feng)時間有(you)效(xiao)縮短(duan)33%。聚能管(guan)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)工藝(yi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)成(cheng)熟(shu)、可操作性很(hen)(hen)強、材料成(cheng)本(ben)很(hen)(hen)低(di)、施工速度很(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)(jie)能環保(bao)效(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)(hen)顯(xian)著、經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益社會(hui)效(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)高。聚能管(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是(shi)近幾年發展(zhan)起來的一項掘進新(xin)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與傳(chuan)統的光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)有(you)一定的差別,聚能管(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)原理是(shi)在(zai)巷道周邊眼(yan)中(zhong),將炸裝(zhuang)在(zai)聚能管(guan)中(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時利用(yong)聚能管(guan)的聚能作用(yong),以減少裂(lie)隙的數(shu)量(liang)和控制優勢裂(lie)隙的發展(zhan)方向。

專用爆破聚能管采用一種抗靜電阻燃的特種塑料管、異形雙槽聚能管，根據炮眼深度可長可短。信陽爆破聚能管是兩個相似半壁管(guan)(guan)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，半壁管(guan)(guan)中央有個凹進去的槽(cao)叫做'聚(ju)能槽(cao)"，使用(yong)聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan)光面爆(bao)破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)，開挖(wa)輪(lun)廓(kuo)線平順整齊，圍(wei)巖擾動(dong)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)、超欠(qian)挖(wa)明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)改善，有利于(yu)支護工(gong)(gong)序施工(gong)(gong)，同時混凝土回填成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)大(da)(da)為(wei)降(jiang)低。鑿孔(kong)(kong)率減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)30%，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)低了爆(bao)破(po)作業(ye)工(gong)(gong)班(ban)的勞動(dong)量(liang)(liang):鉆孔(kong)(kong)縮(suo)短30分(fen)鐘、少(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼(yan)(yan)、出(chu)渣量(liang)(liang)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)，降(jiang)低了材料成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)工(gong)(gong)時消(xiao)耗、勞動(dong)效(xiao)率明(ming)顯(xian)(xian)提高(gao)，周邊眼(yan)(yan)爆(bao)破(po)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)降(jiang)低30%以上，半眼(yan)(yan)痕保留率高(gao)達(da)85%以上。pvc爆(bao)破(po)聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan)主(zhu)要應用(yong)于(yu)隧道、煤礦、鐵(tie)礦等(deng)需要進行光面爆(bao)破(po)施工(gong)(gong)的工(gong)(gong)程。采用(yong)聚(ju)能管(guan)(guan)的光面爆(bao)破(po)可減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)鉆孔(kong)(kong)，擴大(da)(da)孔(kong)(kong)距，減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)導(dao)爆(bao)管(guan)(guan)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)超挖(wa)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)噴漿，提高(gao)半孔(kong)(kong)率，既節省了成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)又(you)提高(gao)了施工(gong)(gong)效(xiao)率。