我國于1983年制(zhi)定了(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)已成為必須進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)保護邊坡(po)(po)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開(kai)挖技術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基(ji)礎上修訂的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)均被編入并(bing)有(you)所(suo)改進，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也不僅(jin)規(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡(fan)是Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊坡(po)(po)，設(she)(she)計邊坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度(du)為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊坡(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)(she)計和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，并(bing)闡述了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則和(he)(he)參數(shu)、安(an)全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)還明確了(le)路塹(qian)邊坡(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)項目質(zhi)量驗(yan)收檢(jian)測數(shu)量和(he)(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該(gai)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地(di)推動和(he)(he)促(cu)進了(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)在(zai)鐵路建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用與(yu)(yu)發展。

專用礦用型聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。清遠礦用型聚能管科學合理(li)地利(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)源利(li)用(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率，對(dui)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)也十(shi)分重要。利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩(liang)端(duan)的(de)水(shui)平開出的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)射流(liu)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)對(dui)巖石(shi)進行破(po)碎(sui)。據專家測算，由于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩(liang)端(duan)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)比提(ti)升一個量級。

聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)破(po)碎(sui)(sui)法特點是(shi):不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)打(da)眼(yan)，因而(er)不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)購買(mai)打(da)眼(yan)設備(bei)和動力(li)設備(bei);施工簡(jian)單，施工進度比淺(qian)眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)法快安全性比普(pu)(pu)通淺(qian)眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)法和普(pu)(pu)通裸露藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)法好(hao);勞動強度比淺(qian)眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)法低。制造聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)所采用(yong)的炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有:黑索(suo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)和梯恩梯混合熔鑄型(xing)(xing);乳化油炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和黑索(suo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)混裝型(xing)(xing)和二號巖石硝鉸炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)壓制型(xing)(xing)。根據使用(yong)的結果(guo)證明，選用(yong)密度較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)和爆(bao)(bao)速(su)較(jiao)(jiao)高的炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)制造聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)能(neng)獲得較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的破(po)碎(sui)(sui)效果(guo)。這主要(yao)是(shi)由于(yu)它加工簡(jian)單和破(po)碎(sui)(sui)能(neng)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)。在礦山由于(yu)二次破(po)碎(sui)(sui)消(xiao)耗(hao)的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，而(er)且金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的加工費(fei)工又費(fei)材料，所以多(duo)不(bu)采用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。國內生產的一種用(yong)于(yu)破(po)碎(sui)(sui)大(da)(da)(da)塊的聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)，裝置(zhi)聚(ju)能(neng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)時，要(yao)將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)垂(chui)直裝在大(da)(da)(da)塊的頂面上，聚(ju)能(neng)穴朝下。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)包(bao)(bao)位置(zhi)應選在頂面的幾何中心(xin)或附近較(jiao)(jiao)平整的地點。然后在上面覆蓋(gai)泥沙(sha)。

光面爆(bao)破技術優(you)勢：相對(dui)于傳統爆(bao)破工藝，聚能管(guan)光面爆(bao)破比常(chang)規爆(bao)破具(ju)有以(yi)(yi)下優(you)勢∶少(shao)打眼，少(shao)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)。節(jie)(jie)約(yue)周(zhou)邊鉆(zhan)孔量(liang)50%，總鉆(zhan)孔進(jin)尺(chi)減(jian)少(shao)30%；節(jie)(jie)約(yue)炸藥(yao)10～20%，雷管(guan)30%。節(jie)(jie)約(yue)噴漿料15-20%。節(jie)(jie)省(sheng)時間(jian)∶每循環(huan)鉆(zhan)孔、裝(zhuang)藥(yao)、噴漿時間(jian)1.5-2.0小(xiao)時。在安(an)全方(fang)面利用水沙袋替代炮(pao)泥(ni)，以(yi)(yi)避(bi)免搗炮(pao)泥(ni)損毀電雷管(guan)導(dao)線(xian)，造(zao)成瞎(xia)炮(pao)。大大減(jian)少(shao)對(dui)圍巖擾動，光面效(xiao)果(guo)好，巖性(xing)條(tiao)件差情況(kuang)下可(ke)以(yi)(yi)大大減(jian)少(shao)超挖量(liang)，控制巷(xiang)道(dao)成型；巖性(xing)完(wan)整無節(jie)(jie)理(li)情況(kuang)下眼痕(hen)率可(ke)以(yi)(yi)達(da)到90%以(yi)(yi)上，巷(xiang)道(dao)成型好，穩定(ding)性(xing)強(qiang)。布(bu)孔方(fang)式優(you)化成多排掏槽布(bu)孔，單次(ci)掘進(jin)深度可(ke)以(yi)(yi)優(you)化提高(gao)10%到15%不等。由于炮(pao)孔數(shu)量(liang)大大減(jian)少(shao)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)考慮(lv)一起全斷面起爆(bao)，節(jie)(jie)省(sheng)放(fang)炮(pao)時間(jian)。

各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)器材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)源與人員和其他保護對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)間的安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應(ying)取各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)效應(ying)（地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)、沖(chong)(chong)擊波、飛石、有毒氣(qi)體(ti)等(deng)）分別核定(ding)的大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時，必然產(chan)生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)、空氣(qi)沖(chong)(chong)擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣(qi)體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設計時必須確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)危害范圍，并確定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)點到(dao)附近人員、設備、建筑物(wu)及井巷(xiang)等(deng)的安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一段距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就稱為(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何控制好這(zhe)段距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就顯(xian)的尤為(wei)(wei)重要。為(wei)(wei)保證(zheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di)點與人員或(huo)其他應(ying)保護對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)間必須保持(chi)短的相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)有害效應(ying)隨距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的增加(jia)有規(gui)律地(di)(di)(di)衰減，用(yong)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)有害效應(ying)在允許限度之(zhi)內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)(di)(di)震(zhen)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，個別飛散物(wu)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)(chong)擊波的安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。

水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)較(jiao)水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)單循環火工(gong)(gong)品使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)上節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)鉆(zhan)孔數量(liang)(liang)從39個下(xia)降(jiang)為23個費用(yong)(yong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土(tu)噴(pen)射每(mei)延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)(mi)。水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)比水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循環節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)258.4元(yuan)(yuan)，即每(mei)延米(mi)(mi)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)76較(jiao)元(yuan)(yuan)，節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)(yong)比例達(da)32%。此(ci)外，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有效(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)(di)隧道(dao)內石渣塊度和(he)粉(fen)塵含量(liang)(liang)，還可(ke)使(shi)(shi)通風(feng)時間有效(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)成熟(shu)、可(ke)操作性很(hen)(hen)強、材料(liao)成本(ben)很(hen)(hen)低(di)(di)、施工(gong)(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)環保效(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)(hen)顯著(zhu)、經(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)社會效(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)(hen)高。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)是近幾年發展(zhan)起來的(de)(de)一(yi)項掘進(jin)新技(ji)術(shu)(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)與(yu)傳統的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)有一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)差別,聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)原理是在(zai)巷道(dao)周(zhou)邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)中,將炸裝在(zai)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)中起爆(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)時利(li)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)作用(yong)(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)和(he)控制優勢裂隙的(de)(de)發展(zhan)方向。