預裂與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)歷(li)史與現(xian)(xian)狀：預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是沿(yan)設計開挖(wa)邊界(jie)布置密(mi)集炮孔(kong)，采(cai)(cai)取不耦合裝藥(yao)(yao)或(huo)裝填低(di)(di)威力(li)(li)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)，在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)區之前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)區與保留區之間形(xing)成預裂縫(feng)，以減(jian)弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)對保留巖體的(de)破(po)(po)壞并(bing)形(xing)成平(ping)整(zheng)輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是沿(yan)設計開挖(wa)邊界(jie)布設密(mi)集炮孔(kong)，采(cai)(cai)用不耦合裝藥(yao)(yao)或(huo)裝填低(di)(di)威力(li)(li)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)，在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)之后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)的(de)以形(xing)成平(ping)整(zheng)的(de)開挖(wa)輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)發展是先出現(xian)(xian)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。聚能管(guan)國內歷(li)史與現(xian)(xian)狀，我國于1964～1965年在(zai)(zai)湖北(bei)陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施工中(zhong)做過淺孔(kong)預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)試驗，1965年鐵(tie)道部門在(zai)(zai)成昆鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)開始試驗光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)(zai)西(xi)延(yan)線張家船工點(dian)，全(quan)長近200m的(de)2000m2路塹邊坡全(quan)部采(cai)(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平(ping)整(zheng)穩定，殘留的(de)半孔(kong)清晰可見，是鐵(tie)路建設中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用路塹光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。

在工(gong)(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)火(huo)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)(lei)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)。它所(suo)需的(de)器材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)管、導(dao)線和起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)的(de)連接(jie)形式(shi)，要根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方法(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規(gui)模、工(gong)(gong)程的(de)重要性、所(suo)選起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力等進行選擇，基本連接(jie)方式(shi)有(you)：串聯、并(bing)聯、串并(bing)聯和并(bing)串聯等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有(you)較安(an)全、可靠、準(zhun)確、高效等優點，在國內(nei)外(wai)仍占有(you)較大比重。在大、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，主要仍是用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在有(you)瓦斯、礦(kuang)塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要的(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)干擾而發(fa)生早(zao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)能使用(yong)(yong)(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)管。

專業多向聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。潮州多向聚能管科學合理(li)地(di)利用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)源利用(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率，對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排也十分重要。利用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)的水(shui)平(ping)開出的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)射(she)流效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)對巖石進行破(po)碎。據專(zhuan)家(jia)測算，由于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)，其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)比(bi)提升一個量級。

施(shi)工工藝嚴(yan)格遵(zun)循六字方(fang)(fang)針(掛(gua)滿、貼緊、對準(zhun))：(1)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)打(da)(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)必須按技術要(yao)(yao)(yao)求合理布(bu)置。(2)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)掏槽眼(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)及(ji)其他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的打(da)(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,一定要(yao)(yao)(yao)在規定位置上打(da)(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan);二(er)要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管裝(zhuang)藥時,要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)乳化炸(zha)藥在聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)內(nei)壁中(zhong)(zhong)填(tian)充飽滿不(bu)(bu)得有空(kong)隙出現時以(yi)產生(sheng)拒爆。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管在炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)填(tian)時,要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管的兩條聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽指(zhi)向(xiang)巷道輪廓(kuo)線方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)并且各個炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能槽軸線方(fang)(fang)面要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)相(xiang)互連(lian)接在隧道輪廓(kuo)線上。否則成型(xing)效果不(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)好,反而(er)更差。(5)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質量。(6)放炮(pao)(pao)員應(ying)提前(qian)按規定裝(zhuang)好聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管的炸(zha)藥,并做好準(zhun)備工作。試用范圍:一級至(zhi)五級圍巖(yan)的光面爆破工程。

水(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)掘(jue)進(jin)作業中的(de)(de)實(shi)際應(ying)用。提(ti)升光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)水(shui)平、嚴(yan)抓隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)超挖管控(kong)進(jin)行了介紹。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)術很(hen)成(cheng)熟(shu)、可(ke)操作性(xing)很(hen)強、材(cai)料成(cheng)本(ben)很(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)速度很(hen)快(kuai)、節能(neng)(neng)環保效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)顯著、經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)社會效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)高(gao)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)要提(ti)高(gao)對(dui)推(tui)廣(guang)該項技(ji)(ji)(ji)術重(zhong)要性(xing)和必然(ran)性(xing)的(de)(de)認識;二是(shi)(shi)要樹立必須(xu)采取聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)意識;三是(shi)(shi)要堅(jian)持(chi)培訓、示范、監督“三位一(yi)體(ti)”;四(si)是(shi)(shi)要制定切(qie)實(shi)的(de)(de)獎懲制度;五是(shi)(shi)要建(jian)立檢查(cha)監督機制，持(chi)續促(cu)進(jin)該項技(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)深入推(tui)廣(guang)。在隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)現場管理、科技(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)、人才培養、經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)不足。建(jian)議對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)一(yi)線(xian)基礎技(ji)(ji)(ji)術工(gong)(gong)作扎(zha)實(shi)推(tui)進(jin);對(dui)新(xin)工(gong)(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)(gong)法要深入學習(xi)鉆研(yan);對(dui)消極懈怠(dai)、故步自封的(de)(de)思想(xiang)要堅(jian)決抵制。