預(yu)(yu)裂與(yu)(yu)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史與(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀：預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計(ji)開挖邊界布置密(mi)集(ji)炮孔，采(cai)取不(bu)耦(ou)合(he)裝藥或(huo)裝填(tian)低威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之前(qian)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從(cong)而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)(yu)保留區之間形成(cheng)(cheng)預(yu)(yu)裂縫，以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)對(dui)保留巖體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)壞(huai)并形成(cheng)(cheng)平整輪廓面的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計(ji)開挖邊界布設密(mi)集(ji)炮孔，采(cai)用不(bu)耦(ou)合(he)裝藥或(huo)裝填(tian)低威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)之后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)以形成(cheng)(cheng)平整的(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖輪廓面的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展是(shi)先(xian)出現(xian)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生(sheng)發展為預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷(li)(li)史與(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀，我國于1964～1965年(nian)(nian)在(zai)湖(hu)北陸水水電站(zhan)施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)做過淺孔預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)試(shi)驗(yan)，1965年(nian)(nian)鐵道(dao)部門在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)昆(kun)鐵路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)開始試(shi)驗(yan)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，1977年(nian)(nian)在(zai)西延線張家船(chuan)工(gong)點，全長近200m的(de)(de)(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)(lu)塹邊坡全部采(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平整穩(wen)定(ding)，殘留的(de)(de)(de)(de)半孔清(qing)晰可見(jian)，是(shi)鐵路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)用路(lu)(lu)塹光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。

銅陵爆破聚能管是由管體、前錐形定格帽、后定格堵構成，管體為塑性材料制成，呈管狀，管體外徑小于正常炮眼內徑，長度可隨爆破需要生產，管體兩端各有外螺紋，兩端外螺紋間有一縱向切縫，切縫間等距有加強筋，前錐形定格帽呈傘狀，傘形尖有一光孔，兩側直壁內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑前端螺紋配合，帽體外徑大于管體，后定格堵為一封蓋，外徑直徑大于管體外徑，與前錐形定格帽外徑一致，后定格堵內徑有螺紋，與管體外徑后端螺紋配合。專業爆破聚能管可根據(ju)炮眼深(shen)度采用(yong)合適(shi)的(de)聚(ju)能管管體(ti)，不需其他工具幫(bang)助送(song)入炮眼，切縫方向準(zhun)確(que)，兩端的(de)前錐形定格帽和后定格堵(du)外徑與(yu)炮眼內徑一致，保證(zheng)聚(ju)能管管體(ti)同心，定向準(zhun)確(que)。且利于(yu)工業化生產，作業安全

我國于1983年制定(ding)了(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)(wu)巖(yan)行(xing)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)建設(she)(she)(she)中預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為必須進行(xing)的(de)(de)保護邊坡(po)質(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)(cuo)施。此(ci)后在此(ci)基(ji)礎上(shang)修(xiu)(xiu)訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)(wu)巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)(wu)巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編(bian)(bian)入(ru)并有(you)所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修(xiu)(xiu)編(bian)(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不僅(jin)規定(ding)了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上(shang)的(de)(de)巖(yan)石(shi)邊坡(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)邊坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊坡(po)部(bu)位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)或預裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光(guang)面(預裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)原(yuan)則和(he)參數、安全措(cuo)(cuo)施，而且還明確了(le)路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡(po)光(guang)面(預裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)(zhi)量驗收檢測(ce)數量和(he)檢測(ce)方法。無疑該規程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施，有(you)力地推(tui)動和(he)促進了(le)光(guang)面(預裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)(she)中的(de)(de)應(ying)用與(yu)發展。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)破技術(shu)在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)掘進(jin)(jin)作(zuo)業(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際應用。提升光面爆(bao)(bao)破水(shui)(shui)平(ping)、嚴抓隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)超挖管(guan)控進(jin)(jin)行了介紹。聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)破工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技術(shu)很(hen)(hen)成熟、可操作(zuo)性很(hen)(hen)強(qiang)、材料成本很(hen)(hen)低(di)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快、節能(neng)環保(bao)效(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)(hen)顯著、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)社會效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)很(hen)(hen)高。一是(shi)要提高對(dui)(dui)推廣(guang)該項(xiang)(xiang)技術(shu)重(zhong)要性和必然性的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識;二是(shi)要樹(shu)立(li)必須采(cai)取聚(ju)能(neng)水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)識;三是(shi)要堅(jian)持(chi)培(pei)(pei)訓、示范、監(jian)督“三位(wei)一體(ti)”;四是(shi)要制(zhi)定切實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)獎懲(cheng)制(zhi)度;五是(shi)要建(jian)立(li)檢(jian)查(cha)監(jian)督機制(zhi)，持(chi)續促進(jin)(jin)該項(xiang)(xiang)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)深入推廣(guang)。在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理、科技創新、人才(cai)培(pei)(pei)養、經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)(yi)等方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)不足。建(jian)議對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)一線基礎技術(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)扎實(shi)推進(jin)(jin);對(dui)(dui)新工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、先進(jin)(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法要深入學習鉆研;對(dui)(dui)消(xiao)極懈怠、故步自封(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思想要堅(jian)決抵制(zhi)。