水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)單循(xun)環(huan)火(huo)工品使(shi)(shi)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)上節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)(yue)費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)數量(liang)(liang)從39個(ge)下降為23個(ge)費(fei)用(yong)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)(yue)41%，混凝(ning)土噴射每(mei)延(yan)米節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)(yue)1.37立方米。水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比(bi)水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每(mei)循(xun)環(huan)節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)(yue)費(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延(yan)米節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)(yue)76較元，節(jie)(jie)(jie)約(yue)(yue)費(fei)用(yong)比(bi)例達32%。此外，聚能(neng)管(guan)水(shui)壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降低隧道內(nei)石(shi)渣塊度和粉塵含量(liang)(liang)，還可使(shi)(shi)通風時(shi)間有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)縮短33%。聚能(neng)管(guan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工藝技(ji)(ji)術(shu)很(hen)(hen)成熟、可操作(zuo)性很(hen)(hen)強(qiang)、材料成本很(hen)(hen)低、施工速度很(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)(jie)(jie)能(neng)環(huan)保效(xiao)(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)(hen)顯著(zhu)、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益社會(hui)效(xiao)(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)高。聚能(neng)管(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)是(shi)近幾年發(fa)展起來的一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)掘(jue)進新技(ji)(ji)術(shu),這種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)與(yu)傳統的光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的差別(bie),聚能(neng)管(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理(li)是(shi)在巷道周(zhou)邊眼(yan)(yan)中(zhong),將(jiang)炸裝在聚能(neng)管(guan)中(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時(shi)利用(yong)聚能(neng)管(guan)的聚能(neng)作(zuo)用(yong),以減少(shao)裂隙的數量(liang)(liang)和控制優(you)勢裂隙的發(fa)展方向。

專業o型聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。三門峽o型聚能管科學合(he)理地(di)利(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，提(ti)(ti)高能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)用(yong)效率，對(dui)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)減(jian)排也十分重要。利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)水平(ping)開出的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽產(chan)生的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)射流效應對(dui)巖(yan)石進行破碎(sui)。據(ju)專(zhuan)家測算，由于聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽產(chan)生的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)切割(ge)效應，其(qi)能(neng)(neng)效比提(ti)(ti)升一個量級(ji)。

各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材銷(xiao)毀(hui)以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材意(yi)外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)源與(yu)人員(yuan)和其(qi)他保護(hu)對(dui)象之間的安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)取各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應(ying)（地(di)震(zhen)(zhen)、沖(chong)擊波、飛石、有(you)毒(du)氣體(ti)等）分別(bie)核定的大值(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必然產生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)(zhen)、空氣沖(chong)擊波、碎石飛散及(ji)有(you)害氣體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計時(shi)必須確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)危害范圍(wei)，并確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近人員(yuan)、設(she)備、建筑物(wu)及(ji)井巷等的安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，這(zhe)一段(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)稱(cheng)為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。如何控制好這(zhe)段(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)顯的尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)點與(yu)人員(yuan)或其(qi)他應(ying)保護(hu)對(dui)象之間必須保持短(duan)的相隔長(chang)度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)的增加有(you)規律地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度可限(xian)定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)在允許限(xian)度之內(nei)。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)規程》規定了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)地(di)震(zhen)(zhen)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)，個別(bie)飛散物(wu)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)，以及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊波的安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)(li)。

預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)與(yu)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)歷(li)史與(yu)現(xian)狀：預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿(yan)設(she)計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布置密集(ji)炮(pao)孔，采取不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區之(zhi)前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)保留(liu)區之(zhi)間形(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)縫，以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖(yan)體的(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成(cheng)平整輪(lun)廓面(mian)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿(yan)設(she)計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布設(she)密集(ji)炮(pao)孔，采用(yong)不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或(huo)裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)以形(xing)成(cheng)平整的(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪(lun)廓面(mian)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)先出現(xian)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)(hou)衍生發(fa)展(zhan)為預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能(neng)管國(guo)內歷(li)史與(yu)現(xian)狀，我(wo)國(guo)于(yu)1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)湖北陸水水電站施(shi)工(gong)中做過淺孔預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗，1965年(nian)鐵(tie)道(dao)部門(men)在(zai)成(cheng)昆鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)中開(kai)始試驗光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)西延線張家船工(gong)點(dian)，全長(chang)近200m的(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹邊(bian)坡全部采用(yong)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)(hou)邊(bian)坡平整穩定(ding)，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)半孔清晰可見，是(shi)鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)中采用(yong)路(lu)塹光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。

我國于1983年(nian)制定了(le)(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)行(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)與光面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為必須進(jin)行(xing)的保(bao)護(hu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)質(zhi)量(liang)的爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)技術措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上修訂(ding)的《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利(li)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑物巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術規(gui)范(fan)(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)與光面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)均被編入并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也不僅規(gui)定了(le)(le)凡(fan)是(shi)Ⅲ級以上的巖(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度(du)為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)部位的爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用光面(mian)(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的原則和(he)(he)參(can)數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路(lu)塹(qian)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和(he)(he)檢測(ce)方法。無疑(yi)該規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，有力(li)地推動和(he)(he)促進(jin)了(le)(le)光面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie))爆破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術在(zai)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)的應(ying)用與發展。

施(shi)工(gong)因(yin)其(qi)復雜性、專(zhuan)業(ye)性、危險性，稍有不(bu)(bu)(bu)慎，將對人(ren)民的(de)(de)生(sheng)命財產(chan)(chan)安(an)(an)全(quan)造成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)估量(liang)的(de)(de)損失(shi)，例如(ru)廣東宏大寧夏“10.16”、山東保利“5.20”等(deng)重大安(an)(an)全(quan)事故。因(yin)此，相較其(qi)他行業(ye)，國家出臺(tai)的(de)(de)相關(guan)法律法規多、專(zhuan)、嚴(yan)(yan)，從爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)材料(liao)(liao)（炸藥、雷管、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)索?管?及(ji)相關(guan)材料(liao)(liao)）的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、購(gou)進、運(yun)輸、儲存、發放、布網、連接、起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)、排(pai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)等(deng)一系列程(cheng)序均有嚴(yan)(yan)格的(de)(de)法律規定和(he)科(ke)學的(de)(de)操作規程(cheng)，并且(qie)相關(guan)從業(ye)單位和(he)人(ren)員(yuan)均應取得相應資質。做為各(ge)類爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)或缺的(de)(de)一種導(dao)(dao)線(xian)，特別不(bu)(bu)(bu)同于(yu)一般的(de)(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)，其(qi)質量(liang)要求(qiu)及(ji)各(ge)項技術參數也與普通電線(xian)電纜(lan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同。部分家庭作坊式的(de)(de)電線(xian)電纜(lan)廠無(wu)科(ke)學的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝、無(wu)基本的(de)(de)檢測設備(bei)、無(wu)專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)技術人(ren)員(yuan)，甚至不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)道(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)線(xian)的(de)(de)質量(liang)要求(qiu)和(he)技術參數，更(geng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)能制(zhi)(zhi)訂自(zi)己的(de)(de)企業(ye)標(biao)準，僅(jin)憑(ping)簡陋的(de)(de)設備(bei)、以(yi)(yi)粗糙的(de)(de)模(mo)仿進行生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營活動(dong)，致使(shi)市場充斥(chi)著假(jia)冒偽劣產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，導(dao)(dao)致爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中(zhong)提前或延遲起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)、盲(mang)炮增加且(qie)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)排(pai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)困難，給人(ren)身安(an)(an)全(quan)和(he)財產(chan)(chan)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)正常的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經營活動(dong)造成(cheng)了不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)估量(liang)的(de)(de)損失(shi)。