是由管(guan)(guan)(guan)體、前(qian)(qian)錐形定(ding)(ding)格帽(mao)(mao)(mao)、后(hou)(hou)定(ding)(ding)格堵構(gou)成,管(guan)(guan)(guan)體為塑性材料制(zhi)成,呈管(guan)(guan)(guan)狀,管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)小(xiao)于正常炮眼(yan)(yan)內(nei)徑(jing),長(chang)度可隨爆破需(xu)要(yao)生產,管(guan)(guan)(guan)體兩端(duan)(duan)(duan)各有(you)(you)外(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen),兩端(duan)(duan)(duan)外(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)間有(you)(you)一縱(zong)向切縫(feng),切縫(feng)間等距有(you)(you)加強筋(jin),前(qian)(qian)錐形定(ding)(ding)格帽(mao)(mao)(mao)呈傘狀,傘形尖有(you)(you)一光孔,兩側(ce)直(zhi)壁內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)(you)螺(luo)紋(wen),與(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)前(qian)(qian)端(duan)(duan)(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)配(pei)合,帽(mao)(mao)(mao)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)(guan)體,后(hou)(hou)定(ding)(ding)格堵為一封蓋(gai),外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)直(zhi)徑(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing),與(yu)(yu)前(qian)(qian)錐形定(ding)(ding)格帽(mao)(mao)(mao)外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)一致,后(hou)(hou)定(ding)(ding)格堵內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)(you)螺(luo)紋(wen),與(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)后(hou)(hou)端(duan)(duan)(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)配(pei)合。可根(gen)據炮眼(yan)(yan)深(shen)度采用合適的(de)聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體,不(bu)需(xu)其他工具幫助送入(ru)炮眼(yan)(yan),切縫(feng)方向準(zhun)確,兩端(duan)(duan)(duan)的(de)前(qian)(qian)錐形定(ding)(ding)格帽(mao)(mao)(mao)和后(hou)(hou)定(ding)(ding)格堵外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)與(yu)(yu)炮眼(yan)(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)一致,保證聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體同(tong)心(xin),定(ding)(ding)向準(zhun)確。且利于工業化生產,作業安全
我(wo)國于1983年(nian)制定(ding)了《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物巖行基礎開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自(zi)此,在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)電建設(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成為必須進(jin)行的(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)坡質量(liang)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)技(ji)術措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基礎上修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物巖石基礎開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(DL/T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物巖石基礎開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規(gui)范(fan)》(DL/T 5389~2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均被(bei)編入并(bing)有所改(gai)進(jin),DL/T 5135—2001正在(zai)修(xiu)編為DL/T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)定(ding)了凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以(yi)上的(de)巖石邊(bian)(bian)坡,設(she)(she)計邊(bian)(bian)坡坡度(du)為1:0.1~1:0.75,在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡部位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)(she)計和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采(cai)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po),并(bing)闡述了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術設(she)(she)計的(de)原則(ze)和(he)(he)參數(shu)、安全措施(shi)(shi),而且還明(ming)確(que)了路(lu)塹(qian)邊(bian)(bian)坡光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗收檢測數(shu)量(liang)和(he)(he)檢測方法。無疑(yi)該規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi),有力地(di)推動和(he)(he)促進(jin)了光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術在(zai)鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)與發展。
發揮巨大(da)效力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵又(you)在(zai)其上面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”上。項目(mu)部目(mu)前(qian)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)有兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”,通過這兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)讓爆(bao)炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威力在(zai)隧道中(zhong)(zhong)切割出(chu)(chu)十分平(ping)順的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪廓線,的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制了(le)(le)爆(bao)破(po)量,有效管(guan)控了(le)(le)超挖欠挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)。為了(le)(le)進一步嚴(yan)格(ge)控制開挖輪廓,達到提高光(guang)面爆(bao)破(po)效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),并研(yan)究出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)上兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”變為三(san)個(ge)(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發明設(she)(she)計,目(mu)前(qian),該發明設(she)(she)計已(yi)經(jing)(jing)進入到了(le)(le)試生產(chan)階段。未來,三(san)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)水壓爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術將推動中(zhong)(zhong)鐵(tie)十四(si)局四(si)公司張吉懷鐵(tie)路(lu)項目(mu)部施工(gong)開展邁(mai)上一個(ge)(ge)(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臺階,給(gei)項目(mu)部帶來巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟效益。工(gong)程(cheng)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術經(jing)(jing)過幾十年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,已(yi)經(jing)(jing)滲透到經(jing)(jing)濟建設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)領域,特別為中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)路(lu)建設(she)(she)、礦山(shan)開采(cai)、城(cheng)市拆舊定向爆(bao)破(po)等做(zuo)出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)重要貢(gong)獻。
各種爆破、爆破器材銷毀以及爆破器材意外爆炸時,爆破源與人員和其他保護對象之間的安全距離稱為爆破安全距離。爆破安全距離應取各種爆破效應(地震、沖擊波、飛石、有毒氣體等)分別核定的大值。專業礦用型聚能管爆破時,必然產生爆破地震、空氣沖擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣體,因此,爆破設計時必須確定爆破危害范圍,并確定爆點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井巷等的安全,這一段距離就稱為爆破安全距離。專業礦用型聚能管如(ru)何控制好這段距(ju)離就顯的尤為重要(yao)。為保證爆(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)全(quan),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)地點(dian)與(yu)人員或其他應保護(hu)對象(xiang)之間必須(xu)保持短的相隔長度(du)(du)。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應隨距(ju)離的增加有(you)規律地衰減,用距(ju)離作為安(an)(an)全(quan)尺度(du)(du)可限定爆(bao)(bao)破(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應在允許限度(du)(du)之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)規程》規定了爆(bao)(bao)破(po)地震安(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)離,個別飛散(san)物安(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)離,以及爆(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊波(bo)的安(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)離。