光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)技術優勢：相對(dui)于傳(chuan)統爆破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)藝，聚能管光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)比常規爆破(po)(po)(po)具有以(yi)下優勢∶少(shao)打眼，少(shao)裝藥。節(jie)約(yue)周邊鉆孔(kong)(kong)量(liang)(liang)50%，總鉆孔(kong)(kong)進尺(chi)減少(shao)30%；節(jie)約(yue)炸藥10～20%，雷管30%。節(jie)約(yue)噴漿料15-20%。節(jie)省時間(jian)∶每循環(huan)鉆孔(kong)(kong)、裝藥、噴漿時間(jian)1.5-2.0小時。在安(an)全(quan)方(fang)面(mian)利用水沙袋替代炮泥(ni)，以(yi)避免搗炮泥(ni)損(sun)毀(hui)電雷管導線，造成(cheng)瞎炮。大(da)大(da)減少(shao)對(dui)圍巖(yan)擾動，光面(mian)效果好，巖(yan)性(xing)(xing)條件(jian)差(cha)情況(kuang)下可(ke)(ke)以(yi)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)超挖量(liang)(liang)，控(kong)制巷(xiang)道成(cheng)型；巖(yan)性(xing)(xing)完整(zheng)無節(jie)理情況(kuang)下眼痕率可(ke)(ke)以(yi)達到90%以(yi)上，巷(xiang)道成(cheng)型好，穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)。布孔(kong)(kong)方(fang)式優化(hua)成(cheng)多(duo)排掏槽布孔(kong)(kong)，單次掘進深(shen)度可(ke)(ke)以(yi)優化(hua)提高10%到15%不等。由于炮孔(kong)(kong)數量(liang)(liang)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)考慮一(yi)起(qi)全(quan)斷(duan)面(mian)起(qi)爆，節(jie)省放炮時間(jian)。

預(yu)裂與(yu)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史與(yu)現狀：預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計(ji)開挖(wa)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)布置密集炮孔，采(cai)取(qu)不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)或裝(zhuang)填低(di)威力炸(zha)藥(yao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)保留區之間(jian)形成預(yu)裂縫(feng)，以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對(dui)保留巖(yan)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形成平(ping)整(zheng)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)。光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計(ji)開挖(wa)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)布設密集炮孔，采(cai)用(yong)不耦合(he)裝(zhuang)藥(yao)或裝(zhuang)填低(di)威力炸(zha)藥(yao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)以形成平(ping)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展是(shi)先出現光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍(yan)生發展為預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能(neng)管國內歷史與(yu)現狀，我國于1964～1965年在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)湖北陸水水電(dian)站施工(gong)(gong)中做過(guo)淺(qian)孔預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗(yan)，1965年鐵道部門在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)成昆鐵路建設中開始試驗(yan)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)西延線(xian)張家船(chuan)工(gong)(gong)點，全長近200m的(de)(de)(de)(de)2000m2路塹(qian)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)全部采(cai)用(yong)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)平(ping)整(zheng)穩(wen)定，殘留的(de)(de)(de)(de)半孔清晰(xi)可見，是(shi)鐵路建設中采(cai)用(yong)路塹(qian)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。

采用一種抗靜電阻燃(ran)的(de)特種塑料管(guan)、異形雙槽(cao)(cao)聚能(neng)管(guan)，根據炮眼(yan)(yan)深度可(ke)長可(ke)短。是兩個相似半(ban)(ban)壁管(guan)組成，半(ban)(ban)壁管(guan)中(zhong)央有個凹進去的(de)槽(cao)(cao)叫做'聚能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)"，使(shi)用聚能(neng)管(guan)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)成型效(xiao)(xiao)果好(hao)，開挖(wa)(wa)輪廓(kuo)線平順整齊(qi)，圍巖擾動減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)、超(chao)欠(qian)挖(wa)(wa)明(ming)顯改善，有利于(yu)支護工(gong)序(xu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)，同(tong)時(shi)混凝土回(hui)填成本大為降低。鑿(zao)孔(kong)率(lv)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)30%，大大降低了爆(bao)破(po)(po)作業工(gong)班的(de)勞動量(liang)(liang):鉆(zhan)孔(kong)縮短30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)打眼(yan)(yan)、出渣量(liang)(liang)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)，降低了材(cai)料成本、減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)工(gong)時(shi)消耗、勞動效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)明(ming)顯提高，周邊眼(yan)(yan)爆(bao)破(po)(po)成本降低30%以上，半(ban)(ban)眼(yan)(yan)痕(hen)保(bao)留率(lv)高達85%以上。pvc爆(bao)破(po)(po)聚能(neng)管(guan)主要應用于(yu)隧道(dao)、煤(mei)礦、鐵礦等需要進行光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)工(gong)程。采用聚能(neng)管(guan)的(de)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)可(ke)減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)，擴大孔(kong)距，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)導爆(bao)管(guan)用量(liang)(liang)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)超(chao)挖(wa)(wa)，減(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)噴漿(jiang)，提高半(ban)(ban)孔(kong)率(lv)，既(ji)節省了成本又提高了施(shi)(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)。

聚(ju)能(neng)包由炸(zha)、形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成(cheng)，其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)及對(dui)(dui)聚(ju)能(neng)包威力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是聚(ju)能(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)壓(ya)越大(da)(da)，聚(ju)能(neng)彈(dan)威力越大(da)(da)；為得到高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)壓(ya)，需(xu)高(gao)爆(bao)(bao)速、高(gao)密(mi)(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)炸(zha)有(you)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)等，裝方法有(you)熔(rong)鑄，塑(su)裝和壓(ya)裝多(duo)種(zhong)。2．型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)是把炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)，從而(er)提高(gao)其(qi)穿透和切割能(neng)力。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料必須(xu)滿足(zu)四(si)點(dian)(dian)要求，即可(ke)壓(ya)縮性小、密(mi)(mi)度高(gao)、塑(su)性和延(yan)展性好，在(zai)(zai)形(xing)成(cheng)射流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽(qi)化(hua)(hua)。大(da)(da)量試驗證明，用(yong)(yong)(yong)紫銅(tong)制作型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次(ci)為鑄鐵(tie)、鋼和陶(tao)瓷。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形(xing)、半球形(xing)、拋物線形(xing)和喇(la)叭形(xing)等；面對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)，常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于切割屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)和用(yong)(yong)(yong)于切割管材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)，這種(zhong)球形(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球形(xing)空(kong)腔和球形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球形(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)瞬間同(tong)時(shi)起爆(bao)(bao)，可(ke)在(zai)(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)(zhong)心點(dian)(dian)獲(huo)得極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是軸對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)和面對(dui)(dui)稱型(xing)兩類型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

不成功的(de)(de)事例(li)是(shi)有的(de)(de)，如(ru)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)而不倒、實施定向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后沒有按(an)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)方案的(de)(de)方向倒塌等等。這(zhe)些事例(li)警示:從爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材質量、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路連接等，只要(yao)(yao)有一個環節出現失誤，都將影響(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)效果(guo)，乃至造成嚴重的(de)(de)后果(guo)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作業(ye)無論(lun)是(shi)老舊建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)本身還是(shi)周圍環境都十分(fen)復雜(za)，這(zhe)不僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)求認(ren)真調查爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)結構(包括施工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分(fen)析(xi)受(shou)(shou)力狀況，同時還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)采取(qu)技術措施(如(ru)預(yu)處(chu)理、嵌補、支撐等)的(de)(de)可(ke)靠和安全(quan)性進行分(fen)析(xi)，對(dui)(dui)可(ke)能出現的(de)(de)意外情況，應預(yu)先(xian)制定應急方案，努力避(bi)免安全(quan)事故和不必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)損失。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)環保性越(yue)來越(yue)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)人們的(de)(de)關注，同時，探索無公害的(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術，一直是(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作者追求的(de)(de)目標。設(she)(she)立掩蔽體(ti)(ti)(ti)對(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)加以(yi)保護，簡單(dan)的(de)(de)辦法是(shi)用草袋(dai)、竹笆(ba)一類材料覆蓋在(zai)需要(yao)(yao)保護的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上面;對(dui)(dui)房屋(wu)和機器設(she)(she)備常(chang)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)迎面和頂(ding)部豎立排架(jia)，用木板或(huo)荊笆(ba)上罩鐵絲網(wang)，抵御較多的(de)(de)飛石和較強(qiang)的(de)(de)空(kong)氣沖(chong)擊波的(de)(de)打(da)擊;對(dui)(dui)某些重要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)打(da)防震(zhen)孔或(huo)者用預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)將爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)區和被保護的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)或(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)施隔離開來。

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