在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，常用的起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導火索(suo)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使雷(lei)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而(er)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所需的器材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)、導線和起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連接形式(shi)，要(yao)根據(ju)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模、工(gong)程的重要(yao)性(xing)、所選起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力(li)等進行選擇，基本連接方(fang)(fang)式(shi)有(you)：串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)、并聯(lian)(lian)、串(chuan)并聯(lian)(lian)和并串(chuan)聯(lian)(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)具有(you)較(jiao)安全、可靠、準確、高效等優點，在(zai)(zai)國內外(wai)仍占有(you)較(jiao)大(da)(da)比重。在(zai)(zai)大(da)(da)、中(zhong)型(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)，主要(yao)仍是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在(zai)(zai)有(you)瓦斯(si)、礦(kuang)塵(chen)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要(yao)的起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受(shou)各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的干擾而(er)發生(sheng)早(zao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)的環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)，不能(neng)使用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)。

不成功的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)例(li)是(shi)(shi)有的(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)(ru)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)而不倒(dao)、實施定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后沒有按(an)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)方(fang)(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向倒(dao)塌等等。這些事(shi)例(li)警示:從爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)質量、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)到(dao)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)連接等，只要有一個環節(jie)出現(xian)失(shi)誤，都將影響爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)，乃至造成嚴重的(de)(de)(de)后果(guo)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作業無論是(shi)(shi)老舊(jiu)建筑(zhu)物(wu)本身還是(shi)(shi)周圍環境(jing)都十分(fen)(fen)復雜(za)，這不僅要求認真調查爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(包括施工(gong)(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)受力(li)狀況，同時還要對(dui)采取(qu)技(ji)術(shu)措施(如(ru)(ru)預(yu)處(chu)理、嵌(qian)補、支撐(cheng)等)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠和(he)安全(quan)性進行分(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)，對(dui)可(ke)能出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)意外情況，應預(yu)先制(zhi)定(ding)應急方(fang)(fang)案，努(nu)力(li)避免安全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)和(he)不必要的(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)性越來越受到(dao)人們的(de)(de)(de)關注，同時，探索無公害的(de)(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)，一直是(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作者追求的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標。設(she)(she)立(li)(li)掩(yan)蔽體(ti)(ti)對(dui)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)加以保(bao)護(hu)，簡單的(de)(de)(de)辦法是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)草袋、竹笆一類材(cai)料(liao)覆蓋在(zai)(zai)需要保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)上面(mian);對(dui)房(fang)屋和(he)機器設(she)(she)備常要在(zai)(zai)迎面(mian)和(he)頂(ding)部豎立(li)(li)排架(jia)，用(yong)(yong)木板或(huo)(huo)荊笆上罩鐵絲網，抵御較多的(de)(de)(de)飛石和(he)較強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)空氣沖擊波(bo)的(de)(de)(de)打擊;對(dui)某些重要工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)物(wu)打防震孔(kong)或(huo)(huo)者用(yong)(yong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)將爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)區和(he)被(bei)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)物(wu)或(huo)(huo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)施隔離開來。

我國20世紀60年代利用斷裂力學對巖石損傷引起的裂紋擴展進行過試驗研究，爆破聚能管廠家為聚能爆破技術應用到工程做了不少理論分析，也取得一些進展。80年代中期開始進行應用研究，以北京礦業學院為代表，著重研究了聚能藥包切割饑理和應用。1987年淮南礦業學院取得“雙面切割器”的zhuanli，1995年又取得“大理石花崗巖切割技術應用”zhuanli。1991年中國水電七局曾試圖采用硬質紙加工聚能藥管成形聚能藥卷做過聚能預裂爆破試驗研究，爆破聚能管廠家但(dan)終因當時(shi)的技術及(ji)工藝水平的限制無法用(yong)于正(zheng)常施工，但(dan)是(shi)他們開(kai)了橢圓雙(shuang)極線性聚(ju)能結(jie)構試驗的先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)能預裂(lie)與(yu)光面爆破綜合技術開(kai)創(chuang)輪廓控制爆破新時(shi)代。

預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)(de)歷史與(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀：預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布置(zhi)密集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采取(qu)不耦(ou)合裝藥(yao)或(huo)裝填(tian)低威力炸藥(yao)，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)(yu)保留(liu)(liu)區之間(jian)形(xing)(xing)成預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)縫，以(yi)減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)(liu)巖體的(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)并形(xing)(xing)成平整(zheng)(zheng)輪(lun)廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖(wa)邊界布設(she)(she)密集(ji)炮(pao)孔(kong)，采用不耦(ou)合裝藥(yao)或(huo)裝填(tian)低威力炸藥(yao)，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)以(yi)形(xing)(xing)成平整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)輪(lun)廓(kuo)面(mian)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展是(shi)先(xian)出現(xian)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后衍生發展為預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能(neng)管(guan)國(guo)內歷史與(yu)(yu)現(xian)狀，我國(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)湖北陸水水電站施工中(zhong)做過淺孔(kong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗，1965年(nian)鐵(tie)道(dao)部門在(zai)成昆鐵(tie)路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在(zai)西延(yan)線張家船工點(dian)，全長近200m的(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹邊坡全部采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后邊坡平整(zheng)(zheng)穩定，殘(can)留(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)半(ban)孔(kong)清(qing)晰可見，是(shi)鐵(tie)路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)采用路(lu)塹光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。

我國于1983年制定(ding)了(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖行(xing)基礎開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設(she)中預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為必(bi)須進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)開挖(wa)(wa)技(ji)術措施。此(ci)(ci)后(hou)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)基礎上(shang)修(xiu)訂的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖石基礎開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)(wu)巖石基礎開挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)(yu)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)均被編入(ru)并有(you)所(suo)改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修(xiu)編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規定(ding)了(le)凡是(shi)Ⅲ級以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)巖石邊(bian)坡(po)，設(she)計(ji)邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用(yong)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，并闡(chan)述(shu)了(le)光(guang)面(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)原則和(he)(he)(he)參(can)數、安全措施，而(er)且(qie)還明確了(le)路塹邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)面(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)驗(yan)收(shou)檢測數量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)(he)檢測方法。無疑該規程的(de)(de)(de)實施，有(you)力地推動和(he)(he)(he)促進了(le)光(guang)面(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術在(zai)鐵路建(jian)(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)與(yu)(yu)發(fa)展(zhan)。

給大家介紹下爆破聚(ju)能(neng)管的(de)技術原(yuan)理∶炸(zha)藥(yao)爆炸(zha)產生的(de)爆轟波(bo)通(tong)過聚(ju)能(neng)管的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)槽，將炸(zha)藥(yao)的(de)動能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、高(gao)速(su)、高(gao)能(neng)的(de)射(she)流(liu)，切割(ge)演示成(cheng)縫。射(she)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)孔壁(bi)產生射(she)流(liu)壓(ya)(ya)力達7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)動載抗壓(ya)(ya)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)為200MPa，抗拉為1/8～1/10的(de)抗壓(ya)(ya)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)，相鄰兩炮孔互為鄰空面，疊加后的(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮波(bo)變為稀疏波(bo)，在(zai)(zai)兩炮眼連線(xian)上使巖(yan)石(shi)結構斷裂(lie)，形成(cheng)裂(lie)紋。準靜(jing)態氣(qi)體膨(peng)脹，靜(jing)態壓(ya)(ya)力在(zai)(zai)兩炮孔最短連線(xian)兩側產生拉力使巖(yan)石(shi)裂(lie)縫進一(yi)步擴展。根(gen)據爆破應力集中氣(qi)刃(ren)作(zuo)用原(yuan)則，爆破氣(qi)體沿(yan)裂(lie)縫進一(yi)步擴大貫(guan)通(tong)，拋落巖(yan)石(shi)。