聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由(you)炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體(ti)、引信和(he)支架等部分(fen)組成，其作用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)(dui)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威(wei)力(li)的(de)影響(xiang)分(fen)述如下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)破的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)爆(bao)壓越(yue)(yue)大(da)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威(wei)力(li)越(yue)(yue)大(da)；為得到(dao)高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)壓，需高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)(gao)密度的(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)有梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等，裝方法(fa)有熔鑄，塑裝和(he)壓裝多種(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是把炸(zha)的(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成罩(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)料的(de)射(she)(she)流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提(ti)高(gao)(gao)其穿透和(he)切割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)材(cai)料必須滿足(zu)四點要求，即可壓縮性小、密度高(gao)(gao)、塑性和(he)延展(zhan)性好(hao)，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射(she)(she)流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大(da)量(liang)試驗證(zheng)明，用(yong)(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)效果(guo)好(hao)，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣，主(zhu)要有軸(zhou)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇(la)叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)有用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割屬板(ban)材(cai)的(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割管(guan)(guan)材(cai)的(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心有球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點獲得極(ji)大(da)的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)是軸(zhou)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)面(mian)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)。

不成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)例是有的(de)(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)爆(bao)(bao)而不倒、實(shi)施(shi)(shi)定(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后(hou)沒有按爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)倒塌(ta)等(deng)等(deng)。這些事(shi)例警示(shi):從爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)計、爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材質量、爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)到起爆(bao)(bao)網(wang)路連接等(deng)，只要(yao)(yao)有一個環節出現(xian)失誤，都將(jiang)影響爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)，乃至造成(cheng)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)果(guo)。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業(ye)無論是老舊建(jian)筑物本身還是周圍環境都十分復雜，這不僅要(yao)(yao)求認真(zhen)調查爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(包括施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分析受力(li)狀況(kuang)，同(tong)時(shi)還要(yao)(yao)對采(cai)取技術措施(shi)(shi)(如(ru)預(yu)處理、嵌補(bu)、支撐等(deng))的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)和(he)安全性(xing)進行分析，對可(ke)能(neng)出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)外情況(kuang)，應預(yu)先制定(ding)應急方案，努力(li)避免安全事(shi)故和(he)不必(bi)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)性(xing)越(yue)來越(yue)受到人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)關注，同(tong)時(shi)，探(tan)索無公害的(de)(de)(de)(de)拆除(chu)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術，一直是爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)者追求的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標。設(she)立掩蔽體對物體加以保(bao)護(hu)，簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法是用(yong)(yong)草袋、竹笆一類材料(liao)覆蓋在需要(yao)(yao)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物體上面;對房(fang)屋和(he)機器設(she)備常要(yao)(yao)在迎面和(he)頂部豎(shu)立排(pai)架，用(yong)(yong)木板或(huo)荊笆上罩鐵(tie)絲網(wang)，抵御較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛石和(he)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣沖擊波的(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊;對某些重要(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物打防震孔或(huo)者用(yong)(yong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)將(jiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)區和(he)被(bei)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物或(huo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)施(shi)(shi)隔離開來。

水(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破技術(shu)，是在(zai)水(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破技術(shu)基礎上發展起來的(de)一(yi)項新(xin)技術(shu)，其掏(tao)槽(cao)眼、輔助眼裝藥(yao)結構和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)式與(yu)水(shui)壓光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破相同，但在(zai)周邊眼中安裝專用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管裝置(zhi)替代常規爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破藥(yao)卷(juan)和(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)線，利(li)(li)用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管產生的(de)粒子射流動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、高壓爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破氣(qi)體應力及“氣(qi)楔”作用(yong)，形成平整圓順的(de)開挖輪廓(kuo)面，對控制超欠(qian)挖具有良好效(xiao)(xiao)果，有效(xiao)(xiao)提升(sheng)了隧道(dao)施工質量(liang)、進度和(he)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益。科學合(he)理(li)地(di)利(li)(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利(li)(li)用(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率，對節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)減排也十分重(zhong)要。利(li)(li)用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)水(shui)平開出的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產生的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)射流效(xiao)(xiao)應對巖石進行破碎。據專家測算，由于聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管兩端聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產生的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)(xiao)應，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)比提升(sheng)一(yi)個量(liang)級(ji)。

各種爆破、爆破器材銷毀以及爆破器材意外爆炸時，爆破源與人員和其他保護對象之間的安全距離稱為爆破安全距離。爆破安全距離應取各種爆破效應（地震、沖擊波、飛石、有毒氣體等）分別核定的大值。專業多向聚能管爆破時，必然產生爆破地震、空氣沖擊波、碎石飛散及有害氣體，因此，爆破設計時必須確定爆破危害范圍，并確定爆點到附近人員、設備、建筑物及井巷等的安全，這一段距離就稱為爆破安全距離。專業多向聚能管如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)就顯的(de)尤(you)為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證爆破安(an)全(quan)，爆破地點與人員或其他(ta)應(ying)保護對象之間必須保持短的(de)相隔長度。爆破有害(hai)效應(ying)隨距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)的(de)增加有規(gui)律(lv)地衰減(jian)，用距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)作為(wei)安(an)全(quan)尺度可限(xian)定爆破有害(hai)效應(ying)在允許限(xian)度之內。中(zhong)國《爆破安(an)全(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定了爆破地震安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，個別飛散物安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)，以及爆炸(zha)沖擊(ji)波的(de)安(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)。

我(wo)國于1983年制定了《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)行基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)已成為必須進行的(de)(de)(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)開挖技(ji)術措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基(ji)礎(chu)上修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑物巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)開挖工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術規范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)與光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)均被編(bian)(bian)入并有(you)所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道部也(ye)不僅規定了凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)都(dou)應采用光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述了光面(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則和(he)(he)(he)參數、安(an)全措施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且(qie)還明確(que)了路(lu)塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)光面(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)項(xiang)目(mu)質(zhi)量(liang)驗收檢測數量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)檢測方法(fa)。無疑該規程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地(di)推(tui)動和(he)(he)(he)促進了光面(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術在(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用與發展。