各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材銷毀(hui)以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與人(ren)員和其他保(bao)護對象(xiang)(xiang)之間的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)取各種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)（地震、沖擊(ji)波(bo)、飛(fei)石(shi)、有(you)毒氣(qi)體(ti)等）分別(bie)核定(ding)的大(da)值(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時，必(bi)然(ran)產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震、空氣(qi)沖擊(ji)波(bo)、碎石(shi)飛(fei)散(san)及有(you)害氣(qi)體(ti)，因此，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計時必(bi)須確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害范(fan)圍，并(bing)確(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點(dian)到附近人(ren)員、設備、建筑物(wu)及井巷等的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，這一段距(ju)離(li)(li)就稱為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)。如何控制(zhi)好這段距(ju)離(li)(li)就顯(xian)的尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地點(dian)與人(ren)員或其他應(ying)(ying)保(bao)護對象(xiang)(xiang)之間必(bi)須保(bao)持(chi)短的相隔長度(du)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)隨距(ju)離(li)(li)的增加有(you)規(gui)律(lv)地衰減，用距(ju)離(li)(li)作為(wei)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)尺度(du)可(ke)限(xian)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)在允許限(xian)度(du)之內(nei)。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)，個別(bie)飛(fei)散(san)物(wu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)，以及爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖擊(ji)波(bo)的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)。

我國(guo)于(yu)1983年制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)行基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自(zi)此(ci)，在水(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建設中(zhong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)必(bi)須進行的(de)保護邊(bian)坡質(zhi)量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在此(ci)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎上修訂(ding)的(de)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石(shi)基(ji)(ji)(ji)礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編入(ru)并有所(suo)改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部也不僅規定(ding)了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)巖(yan)石(shi)邊(bian)坡，設計邊(bian)坡坡度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在邊(bian)坡部位的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)設計的(de)原則和(he)參數、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而且還明確了(le)(le)路(lu)塹(qian)邊(bian)坡光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量驗收(shou)檢(jian)測數量和(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該規程(cheng)的(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推(tui)動和(he)促進了(le)(le)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在鐵路(lu)建設中(zhong)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)與發展。

對(dui)于爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業安(an)(an)(an)全技(ji)術的(de)(de)研究(jiu),是(shi)從(cong)兩(liang)個方(fang)面(mian)去(qu)考慮的(de)(de)，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)是(shi)炸和起爆(bao)(bao)器材以(yi)(yi)及(ji)對(dui)其爆(bao)(bao)炸所造成的(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)作(zuo)用進(jin)行(xing)限(xian)制的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全技(ji)術,這是(shi)主(zhu)動(dong)的(de)(de)。另一(yi)個方(fang)面(mian)是(shi)對(dui)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)危害采(cai)取(qu)的(de)(de)防(fang)護措(cuo)施(shi),這是(shi)被動(dong)的(de)(de)一(yi)個方(fang)面(mian)。兩(liang)者對(dui)阻止爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)帶來(lai)的(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)性有同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要性,但在具體的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工程(cheng)中,則常(chang)常(chang)會有變化不定(ding)的(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)和后果,因此,必須對(dui)每一(yi)項工程(cheng)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)的(de)(de)具體情況作(zuo)細致(zhi)的(de)(de)分析研究(jiu),從(cong)而采(cai)取(qu)適當的(de)(de)對(dui)策。同(tong)時，雖(sui)然技(ji)術不斷取(qu)得進(jin)步，須在操作(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)中注意每個工序，按照安(an)(an)(an)全規程(cheng)認(ren)真作(zuo)業。只(zhi)要嚴(yan)格遵守(shou)安(an)(an)(an)全規程(cheng)、正確(que)(que)地采(cai)取(qu)安(an)(an)(an)全技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)和防(fang)護措(cuo)施(shi),任何規模、任何種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是(shi)可以(yi)(yi)確(que)(que)保安(an)(an)(an)全的(de)(de)。一(yi)些安(an)(an)(an)全規定(ding)的(de)(de)條文是(shi)有經驗教訓和理論根據的(de)(de)，有的(de)(de)甚至是(shi)血的(de)(de)教訓的(de)(de)總結，所以(yi)(yi)一(yi)定(ding)要克服麻痹思想(xiang)，嚴(yan)格執行(xing)安(an)(an)(an)全規定(ding)，決(jue)不能以(yi)(yi)沒(mei)出過(guo)事故而輕率地"突破(po)(po)(po)"規定(ding)的(de)(de)"框(kuang)框(kuang)"。

在工程爆破中，深孔爆破多向聚能管廠家常用的起爆方法有：電力起爆法、導火索起爆法、導爆索起爆法、導爆管起爆法。電力起爆法是利用電能使雷管爆炸，進而起爆炸藥的起爆芳法。它所需的器材有：電雷管、導線和起爆電源。電爆網路的連接形式，要根據爆破方法、爆破規模、工程的重要性、所選起爆電源及其起爆能力等進行選擇，中山深孔爆破多向聚能管基本連接(jie)方式有(you)：串聯、并聯、串并聯和并串聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆法具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)安全、可(ke)靠(kao)、準確、高(gao)效(xiao)等(deng)優(you)點(dian)，在國(guo)內外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)大(da)比(bi)重。在大(da)、中型爆破中，主(zhu)要(yao)仍(reng)是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆。特(te)別是(shi)在有(you)瓦斯(si)、礦塵爆炸的環境(jing)中，電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆是(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的起(qi)(qi)爆方法。但電(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆容易受各種電(dian)(dian)信號的干擾而發生(sheng)早爆，因此在有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)、射(she)頻電(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)的環境(jing)中，不能使用普通電(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)。

給(gei)大家介(jie)紹下爆(bao)破(po)聚(ju)能管的(de)(de)(de)技術原(yuan)理∶炸(zha)藥(yao)爆(bao)炸(zha)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)轟波通過(guo)聚(ju)能管的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能槽，將炸(zha)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)能、勢能轉換成(cheng)高(gao)壓(ya)、高(gao)速、高(gao)能的(de)(de)(de)射(she)流，切割演(yan)示成(cheng)縫(feng)(feng)。射(she)流在孔(kong)壁產(chan)生(sheng)射(she)流壓(ya)力(li)達7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)動(dong)(dong)載抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度(du)為200MPa，抗拉(la)為1/8～1/10的(de)(de)(de)抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度(du)，相(xiang)鄰兩炮(pao)孔(kong)互為鄰空面(mian)，疊加(jia)后的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮波變(bian)為稀疏波，在兩炮(pao)眼連(lian)線上使巖(yan)石(shi)結構斷裂，形成(cheng)裂紋。準靜態(tai)氣體膨脹，靜態(tai)壓(ya)力(li)在兩炮(pao)孔(kong)最短(duan)連(lian)線兩側(ce)產(chan)生(sheng)拉(la)力(li)使巖(yan)石(shi)裂縫(feng)(feng)進(jin)一(yi)步擴展。根據爆(bao)破(po)應力(li)集中(zhong)氣刃作用原(yuan)則，爆(bao)破(po)氣體沿裂縫(feng)(feng)進(jin)一(yi)步擴大貫通，拋落(luo)巖(yan)石(shi)。

預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)與現狀：預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖邊界(jie)布置密集(ji)炮孔(kong)，采取(qu)不耦合裝藥或裝填(tian)(tian)低(di)威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)(qu)之前(qian)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)(qu)與保(bao)留區(qu)(qu)之間形(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)縫，以(yi)減弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對保(bao)留巖(yan)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成(cheng)平整輪廓(kuo)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)(she)計開(kai)挖邊界(jie)布設(she)(she)密集(ji)炮孔(kong)，采用(yong)(yong)不耦合裝藥或裝填(tian)(tian)低(di)威力(li)炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)平整的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪廓(kuo)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)先(xian)出現光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發(fa)展(zhan)為(wei)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷(li)史(shi)與現狀，我國于1964～1965年在(zai)湖(hu)北陸(lu)水(shui)水(shui)電(dian)站施工中做過淺孔(kong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗(yan)，1965年鐵(tie)(tie)道部門在(zai)成(cheng)昆(kun)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)中開(kai)始試驗(yan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)西(xi)延線張家船工點(dian)，全(quan)長(chang)近200m的(de)(de)(de)(de)2000m2路(lu)塹(qian)邊坡(po)全(quan)部采用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡(po)平整穩定，殘(can)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)清(qing)晰(xi)可見(jian)，是(shi)鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)中采用(yong)(yong)路(lu)塹(qian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。