專用爆破多向聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成,其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1.炸,炸是聚能管爆破的能源,炸的爆壓越大,聚能彈威力越大;為得到高爆壓,需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等,裝方法有熔鑄,塑裝和壓裝多種。2.型罩,型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能,從而提高其穿透和切割能力。爆破多向聚能管公司型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)材(cai)(cai)料必須滿足(zu)四(si)點要求,即可壓縮性小、密度高、塑(su)性和(he)(he)延展(zhan)性好,在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中不汽化(hua)。大(da)量(liang)試(shi)驗證明,用紫(zi)銅(tong)制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果(guo)好,其次(ci)為鑄鐵、鋼(gang)和(he)(he)陶瓷(ci)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種多(duo)樣,主要有(you)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing),如圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等;面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing),常見的(de)有(you)用于切割(ge)屬板材(cai)(cai)的(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用于切割(ge)管材(cai)(cai)的(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種;中心(xin)(xin)對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing),這種球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)包,中心(xin)(xin)有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和(he)(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao),球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸,若能(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時(shi)起爆,可在(zai)空(kong)腔中心(xin)(xin)點獲得極大(da)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中。在(zai)工程中常用的(de)是軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。
在鐵路(lu)(lu)、礦(kuang)山(shan)、水(shui)庫等(deng)大型工(gong)(gong)程中,爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)很關鍵很重(zhong)要(yao)。采礦(kuang)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)開(kai)山(shan)挖隧道,城市對舊(jiu)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)的(de)(de)拆(chai)除,都會用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到(dao)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術。隨著經濟的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展、工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設的(de)(de)增(zeng)多(duo)(duo),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)引起(qi)了人們更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)關注。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)聚能管(guan)(guan)作為(wei)一(yi)種科學技術,應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)很廣,但(dan)在工(gong)(gong)程上(shang)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)無疑是(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)、常見(jian)的(de)(de),采礦(kuang)開(kai)山(shan),修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)鐵路(lu)(lu)、公(gong)路(lu)(lu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鉆爆(bao)(bao)法來(lai)開(kai)掘(jue)隧道,水(shui)利工(gong)(gong)程上(shang)也用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)些,城市里面也使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了,拆(chai)除樓房。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)炸爆(bao)(bao)炸產生的(de)(de)巨大能量破(po)(po)壞某種物(wu)體的(de)(de)原結構(gou),這(zhe)種"破(po)(po)壞"效果不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)其他方(fang)法能代替的(de)(de),它雖然不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)獨立完成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)程,但(dan)卻是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序,特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)方(fang)開(kai)挖、礦(kuang)山(shan)開(kai)采等(deng)工(gong)(gong)程缺少(shao)了這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)序還不(bu)(bu)行。中國目(mu)前有發(fa)(fa)達的(de)(de)鐵路(lu)(lu)和公(gong)路(lu)(lu)交通網,可以想象,當初(chu)在修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)這(zhe)些路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)時候會遇到(dao)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)高山(shan)峻(jun)嶺,一(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)大山(shan)橫在兩地(di)之(zhi)間,想要(yao)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)路(lu)(lu),就必須讓這(zhe)座(zuo)(zuo)山(shan)消失(shi),這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)(ge)時候聚能管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)就起(qi)到(dao)決定性作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了。
我國20世紀60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)利用(yong)斷裂力學對巖石(shi)損傷引起的裂紋擴展進行(xing)過試(shi)(shi)驗研究,為(wei)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆破(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)到工(gong)程做(zuo)了不少理論分析,也取得(de)(de)一些進展。80年(nian)(nian)代(dai)中期(qi)開始(shi)進行(xing)應用(yong)研究,以北京礦(kuang)(kuang)業學院(yuan)為(wei)代(dai)表(biao),著重研究了聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)包(bao)切割饑理和應用(yong)。1987年(nian)(nian)淮南礦(kuang)(kuang)業學院(yuan)取得(de)(de)“雙面切割器”的zhuanli,1995年(nian)(nian)又取得(de)(de)“大理石(shi)花崗巖切割技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)(nian)中國水(shui)電(dian)七(qi)局曾試(shi)(shi)圖(tu)采用(yong)硬質紙加工(gong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)管成形聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)(yao)卷做(zuo)過聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)預(yu)裂爆破(po)試(shi)(shi)驗研究,但終(zhong)因當時的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)及工(gong)藝(yi)水(shui)平的限(xian)制無(wu)法用(yong)于(yu)正(zheng)常施工(gong),但是他們開了橢圓雙極線性聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)結構試(shi)(shi)驗的先河。雙聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)預(yu)裂與光面爆破(po)綜(zong)合技(ji)(ji)術(shu)開創輪廓控制爆破(po)新時代(dai)。
火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa),導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是利用(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)傳遞火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)點(dian)燃(ran)火(huo)(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)進而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)。這種起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)所需的(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)有:導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)、火(huo)(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)和點(dian)火(huo)(huo)材料(liao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)操作簡(jian)單、靈活(huo),使用(yong)方(fang)便(bian),成本較低,廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于小(xiao)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)和掘進。由(you)于導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)速燃(ran)、緩燃(ran)等弊病,在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)事故所占比重(zhong)最大。不能多處裝藥(yao)同時起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa),用(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)直接起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)包(bao)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。先用(yong)雷(lei)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo),當導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波(bo)傳至炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)包(bao)時,將炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需要延時分(fen)段(duan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang),將導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)中(zhong)接入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan),就能達(da)到導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)毫(hao)秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法(fa)所需起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材料(liao)有:雷(lei)管(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)和繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)等。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有:串聯、簇(cu)并(bing)聯、單向分(fen)段(duan)并(bing)聯和雙向分(fen)段(duan)并(bing)聯等。
各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)銷毀(hui)以(yi)及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器材(cai)意外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)時,爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與人員(yuan)和其他保護對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)之間(jian)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)應取(qu)各種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效(xiao)(xiao)應(地震、沖(chong)擊(ji)波、飛石、有(you)(you)(you)毒氣體等)分別核定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)大值。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時,必(bi)然產生爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震、空氣沖(chong)擊(ji)波、碎石飛散(san)及(ji)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)氣體,因此,爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計時必(bi)須確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害(hai)范(fan)圍(wei),并(bing)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)點到附近(jin)人員(yuan)、設備、建(jian)筑(zhu)物及(ji)井(jing)巷等的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),這一段距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)稱(cheng)為(wei)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。如何控制好這段距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)就(jiu)顯的(de)尤為(wei)重要。為(wei)保證爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地點與人員(yuan)或(huo)其他應保護對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)之間(jian)必(bi)須保持短的(de)相隔長度。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)效(xiao)(xiao)應隨(sui)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)的(de)增加有(you)(you)(you)規(gui)律地衰減,用距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)作(zuo)為(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尺度可(ke)限(xian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)(you)(you)害(hai)效(xiao)(xiao)應在允(yun)許限(xian)度之內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)程》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地震安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li),個別飛散(san)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li),以(yi)及(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)沖(chong)擊(ji)波的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離(li)(li)(li)。