我(wo)國于1983年制(zhi)定了《水工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖行基礎開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)(ci)，在(zai)水利水電建設(she)(she)(she)中預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成(cheng)為必須進(jin)行的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)質量的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)。此(ci)(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)(ci)基礎上(shang)修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)(de)《水工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖石(shi)基礎開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以(yi)及在(zai)《水電水利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工(gong)(gong)建筑物巖石(shi)基礎開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編(bian)入(ru)并有所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不(bu)僅規(gui)(gui)定了凡是Ⅲ級以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)巖石(shi)邊(bian)坡(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計邊(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)(she)計和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)原則和參數、安全(quan)措(cuo)施(shi)，而且(qie)還明確了路塹(qian)邊(bian)坡(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測(ce)數量和檢測(ce)方(fang)法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)的(de)(de)實施(shi)，有力(li)地推(tui)動和促進(jin)了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)在(zai)鐵路建設(she)(she)(she)中的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)與發展。

專用爆破多向聚能管施工工藝嚴格遵循六字方針(掛滿、貼緊、對準)：(1)要保證炮眼打眼質量,炮眼必須按技術要求合理布置。(2)要保證掏槽眼以及其他眼眼的打眼質量,一定要在規定位置上打眼;二潮州爆破多向聚能管要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管裝(zhuang)藥(yao)時(shi),要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)乳(ru)化(hua)炸(zha)藥(yao)在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管中空(kong)內壁中填(tian)充飽滿(man)不得有空(kong)隙出現時(shi)以產生拒(ju)爆(bao)(bao)。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管在(zai)炮(pao)(pao)眼中裝(zhuang)填(tian)時(shi),要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的兩條(tiao)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽指向(xiang)(xiang)巷道輪廓(kuo)線(xian)方向(xiang)(xiang)并且各個(ge)炮(pao)(pao)眼聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽軸線(xian)方面(mian)(mian)要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)相互連接在(zai)隧(sui)道輪廓(kuo)線(xian)上。否(fou)則(ze)成型(xing)效果不僅不好(hao)(hao),反而更差。(5)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼堵塞質量。(6)放(fang)炮(pao)(pao)員應(ying)提前按規定裝(zhuang)好(hao)(hao)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的炸(zha)藥(yao),并做好(hao)(hao)準備工(gong)作。試用范(fan)圍(wei):一級至五(wu)級圍(wei)巖的光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破工(gong)程。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術基(ji)礎上(shang)(shang)發展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)一(yi)項新(xin)技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和(he)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)式(shi)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)相同，但在(zai)周(zhou)邊(bian)眼中安(an)裝專(zhuan)用(yong)線性(xing)聚能(neng)藥管替(ti)代常規(gui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)藥卷和(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)線，利(li)用(yong)線性(xing)聚能(neng)藥管產生的(de)粒子射(she)流動能(neng)、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)氣體應力(li)及(ji)“氣楔”作用(yong)，形成平整(zheng)圓(yuan)順的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)(mian)，對控制超(chao)欠(qian)挖具有(you)良好效(xiao)果(guo)，有(you)效(xiao)提升(sheng)了隧道施工質量、進度(du)和(he)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，在(zai)周(zhou)邊(bian)眼單循(xun)環火工品使(shi)(shi)用(yong)量上(shang)(shang)節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)眼鉆(zhan)孔數(shu)量從39個下降為23個費(fei)用(yong)節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射(she)每延(yan)米節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米。聚能(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)比(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)每循(xun)環節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即每延(yan)米節(jie)約(yue)76較元，節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)比(bi)例達32%。此外，聚能(neng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)有(you)效(xiao)降低隧道內石渣塊度(du)和(he)粉(fen)塵含量，還可使(shi)(shi)通風時間(jian)有(you)效(xiao)縮短33%。

我國20世紀60年代(dai)利用(yong)斷裂(lie)力學對巖(yan)石損傷引(yin)起的(de)裂(lie)紋擴展進(jin)(jin)行(xing)過試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究，為聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術應(ying)用(yong)到工(gong)程做(zuo)了不少理(li)論(lun)分析(xi)，也取得(de)一些(xie)進(jin)(jin)展。80年代(dai)中期(qi)開(kai)始進(jin)(jin)行(xing)應(ying)用(yong)研(yan)(yan)究，以北京(jing)礦(kuang)業學院為代(dai)表，著重研(yan)(yan)究了聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥包切割(ge)饑理(li)和應(ying)用(yong)。1987年淮南礦(kuang)業學院取得(de)“雙(shuang)面切割(ge)器”的(de)zhuanli，1995年又取得(de)“大理(li)石花崗巖(yan)切割(ge)技(ji)術應(ying)用(yong)”zhuanli。1991年中國水電七局(ju)曾試(shi)圖采用(yong)硬(ying)質紙加(jia)工(gong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥管成(cheng)形聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)藥卷做(zuo)過聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究，但(dan)終(zhong)因當(dang)時(shi)的(de)技(ji)術及工(gong)藝水平的(de)限制無(wu)法(fa)用(yong)于正常施工(gong)，但(dan)是他們開(kai)了橢圓雙(shuang)極線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)結構(gou)試(shi)驗(yan)的(de)先河。雙(shuang)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)預(yu)裂(lie)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)綜合技(ji)術開(kai)創輪廓(kuo)控制爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)新時(shi)代(dai)。

聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分(fen)組成，其作用(yong)(yong)及對聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響分(fen)述如下。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)是聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)壓越大(da)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越大(da)；為(wei)(wei)得到高爆(bao)(bao)壓，需高爆(bao)(bao)速、高密度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)等，裝方法(fa)有(you)(you)熔鑄，塑(su)(su)裝和壓裝多種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是把(ba)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)體材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而(er)提高其穿透和切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)必須滿(man)足(zu)四(si)點要求，即可壓縮性(xing)小、密度高、塑(su)(su)性(xing)和延展性(xing)好(hao)，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽化。大(da)量(liang)試(shi)驗(yan)證明，用(yong)(yong)紫(zi)銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果好(hao)，其次為(wei)(wei)鑄鐵(tie)、鋼和陶瓷(ci)。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多種(zhong)(zhong)多樣，主要有(you)(you)軸對稱型(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對稱型(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)屬板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)管(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心對稱型(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)(you)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時(shi)起爆(bao)(bao)，可在空腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心點獲得極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中(zhong)(zhong)。在工程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是軸對稱型(xing)(xing)和面對稱型(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。