發(fa)揮巨(ju)大效力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵又在其上(shang)(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)”上(shang)(shang)。項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)目(mu)前(qian)采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管有兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)”，通過(guo)這(zhe)兩個(ge)(ge)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用讓爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)威力(li)在隧道中切割出十(shi)(shi)分平順(shun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輪(lun)廓線，的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制了(le)(le)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)量，有效管控(kong)了(le)(le)超挖(wa)欠(qian)挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。為了(le)(le)進一步嚴格(ge)控(kong)制開(kai)挖(wa)輪(lun)廓，達到提(ti)高光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并研究出了(le)(le)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管上(shang)(shang)兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)”變為三個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)設計，目(mu)前(qian)，該發(fa)明(ming)設計已經(jing)(jing)(jing)進入到了(le)(le)試生產階段。未來，三“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)”設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)水壓爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術將推(tui)動中鐵(tie)十(shi)(shi)四局四公司(si)張吉懷鐵(tie)路項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)施工開(kai)展邁上(shang)(shang)一個(ge)(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臺階，給項(xiang)目(mu)部(bu)帶(dai)來巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效益(yi)。工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術經(jing)(jing)(jing)過(guo)幾十(shi)(shi)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，已經(jing)(jing)(jing)滲(shen)透到經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多(duo)領(ling)域，特(te)別(bie)為中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)路建設、礦山開(kai)采、城市拆舊(jiu)定向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)等做出了(le)(le)重要(yao)貢獻。

在工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)，常用的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導火索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法是利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)(shi)雷管(guan)(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進(jin)而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法。它所需(xu)的(de)器材有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)(guan)(guan)、導線和起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路的(de)連(lian)接(jie)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，要根據(ju)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)法、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模、工(gong)程的(de)重(zhong)要性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)能力等(deng)進(jin)行(xing)選擇，基本(ben)連(lian)接(jie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)有(you)：串(chuan)(chuan)聯、并聯、串(chuan)(chuan)并聯和并串(chuan)(chuan)聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)法具有(you)較(jiao)安全、可靠、準確、高效等(deng)優點，在國內外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)大比重(zhong)。在大、中(zhong)(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)，主要仍(reng)是用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在有(you)瓦(wa)斯、礦塵(chen)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的(de)環境中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要的(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的(de)干擾(rao)而(er)發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓(ya)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)環境中(zhong)(zhong)，不能使(shi)(shi)用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管(guan)(guan)(guan)。

是(shi)(shi)將炸藥(yao)裝(zhuang)在(zai)聚能管內，兩(liang)頭均放置(zhi)了(le)(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)，聚能管爆炸產生的(de)高溫高壓射流，讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)產生“水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)楔”效應,使圍巖裂(lie)縫加(jia)劇延伸(shen)擴展(zhan)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓光面(mian)爆破(po)(po)基(ji)(ji)礎上發展(zhan)起(qi)來的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)(xiang)新(xin)技術，區別只是(shi)(shi)在(zai)周邊(bian)眼中安裝(zhuang)專用線(xian)性聚能藥(yao)管替代常規爆破(po)(po)藥(yao)卷和(he)傳爆線(xian)，只要做到(dao)七大(da)關(guan)鍵(jian)環(huan)節(jie)：水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)挺拔飽滿、炮泥軟(ruan)硬適中、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)裝(zhuang)填(tian)到(dao)底、炮泥回填(tian)到(dao)口、木棍逐節(jie)搗固、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)藥(yao)緊密相連(lian)、槽面(mian)必須(xu)平行，就(jiu)能對控制超欠(qian)挖起(qi)到(dao)良好效果(guo)。在(zai)推廣水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓爆破(po)(po)的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上，去年9月，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓聚能爆破(po)(po)的(de)成果(guo)上，今年更為深入地在(zai)興泉(quan)鐵路大(da)嶺隧(sui)道(dao)、牡佳鐵路麻山隧(sui)道(dao)采用了(le)(le)此項(xiang)(xiang)技術，積累了(le)(le)成功經驗。

宿州礦用型聚能管不成功的事例是有的，如爆而不倒、實施定向爆破后沒有按爆破方案的方向倒塌等等。這些事例警示:從爆破設計、爆破器材質量、爆破施工到起爆網路連接等，只要有一個環節出現失誤，都將影響爆破工程的效果，乃至造成嚴重的后果。礦用型聚能管廠家爆破作業(ye)無(wu)論是(shi)老舊建筑物本身還是(shi)周圍(wei)環境都(dou)十分復(fu)雜，這不僅要求(qiu)認(ren)真調查(cha)爆破體的(de)(de)結構(包括施(shi)工(gong)(gong)缺陷)，分析受(shou)力狀況(kuang)，同時還要對(dui)采取技術措施(shi)(如(ru)預處理、嵌補(bu)、支撐等)的(de)(de)可靠和(he)(he)安全(quan)性進行分析，對(dui)可能(neng)出(chu)現的(de)(de)意外情(qing)況(kuang)，應預先制定應急(ji)方(fang)案，努力避免安全(quan)事故(gu)和(he)(he)不必(bi)要的(de)(de)損(sun)失。工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)環保(bao)性越來越受(shou)到(dao)人們的(de)(de)關注，同時，探索(suo)無(wu)公害的(de)(de)拆除爆破技術，一直是(shi)爆破工(gong)(gong)作者追求(qiu)的(de)(de)目標(biao)。設(she)立(li)掩蔽(bi)體對(dui)物體加以(yi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)，簡單的(de)(de)辦法是(shi)用(yong)(yong)草袋、竹笆一類(lei)材料覆蓋在(zai)需要保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)物體上(shang)面;對(dui)房屋和(he)(he)機器設(she)備(bei)常要在(zai)迎面和(he)(he)頂部豎(shu)立(li)排架(jia)，用(yong)(yong)木(mu)板或荊笆上(shang)罩(zhao)鐵絲網，抵(di)御較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)飛石和(he)(he)較(jiao)強(qiang)的(de)(de)空氣沖擊波的(de)(de)打擊;對(dui)某些重要工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)建筑物打防震孔或者用(yong)(yong)預裂爆破將爆破區和(he)(he)被保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)建筑物或工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)施(shi)隔離開來。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體、引信(xin)和(he)支架等(deng)部(bu)分組成，其作(zuo)用(yong)及(ji)對(dui)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)(de)影響分述如下。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)(ya)越大(da)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力越大(da)；為得到高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya)(ya)，需高(gao)(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)有(you)(you)(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等(deng)，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)(you)(you)熔鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。2．型罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是把炸(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)(gao)其穿(chuan)透和(he)切(qie)割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)必須滿足四點要求，即可壓(ya)(ya)縮性小、密(mi)度高(gao)(gao)、塑性和(he)延(yan)展性好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)成射流中不汽(qi)化。大(da)量試(shi)驗證明，用(yong)紫銅(tong)制(zhi)作(zuo)型罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其次為鑄鐵、鋼和(he)陶(tao)瓷(ci)。型罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多樣，主要有(you)(you)(you)軸對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)于(yu)切(qie)割屬(shu)板材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于(yu)切(qie)割管(guan)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；中心對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型，這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中心有(you)(you)(you)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外(wai)敷設炸(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)空腔中心點獲得極(ji)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集(ji)中。在(zai)工程中常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型和(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型兩(liang)(liang)類型罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

給(gei)大家介紹(shao)下爆破(po)聚(ju)能(neng)管的技術原理∶炸(zha)藥爆炸(zha)產生(sheng)的爆轟波通過聚(ju)能(neng)管的聚(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)，將炸(zha)藥的動能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)能(neng)的射流，切割演示成(cheng)縫(feng)。射流在(zai)孔壁產生(sheng)射流壓(ya)力達7000MPa，巖石(shi)動載抗(kang)壓(ya)強度為(wei)(wei)200MPa，抗(kang)拉為(wei)(wei)1/8～1/10的抗(kang)壓(ya)強度，相(xiang)鄰(lin)兩炮(pao)孔互為(wei)(wei)鄰(lin)空(kong)面，疊加后(hou)的壓(ya)縮波變為(wei)(wei)稀(xi)疏波，在(zai)兩炮(pao)眼連線(xian)上使巖石(shi)結(jie)構斷裂(lie)(lie)，形成(cheng)裂(lie)(lie)紋。準靜態氣體(ti)膨(peng)脹，靜態壓(ya)力在(zai)兩炮(pao)孔最短連線(xian)兩側產生(sheng)拉力使巖石(shi)裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)進一步擴(kuo)(kuo)展。根據(ju)爆破(po)應力集中氣刃(ren)作用原則，爆破(po)氣體(ti)沿裂(lie)(lie)縫(feng)進一步擴(kuo)(kuo)大貫通，拋(pao)落巖石(shi)。