火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法，導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法是利用(yong)(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)傳(chuan)遞火(huo)(huo)焰(yan)點燃火(huo)(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)進(jin)而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。這種(zhong)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法所需(xu)(xu)的(de)材料(liao)有：導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)、火(huo)(huo)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)和(he)點火(huo)(huo)材料(liao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法操作簡(jian)單、靈活，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)便(bian)，成(cheng)本(ben)較低(di)，廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于小型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)和(he)掘進(jin)。由(you)于導(dao)(dao)(dao)火(huo)(huo)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)速燃、緩燃等(deng)(deng)弊病，在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)事故所占比重最大。不能(neng)多處裝藥(yao)(yao)(yao)同時起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法，用(yong)(yong)(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包的(de)方(fang)(fang)法叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。先用(yong)(yong)(yong)雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，當導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟(hong)波傳(chuan)至(zhi)炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)包時，將炸(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需(xu)(xu)要延時分段起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)地方(fang)(fang)，將導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)中(zhong)接(jie)(jie)入繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)，就能(neng)達到導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)目(mu)的(de)。這種(zhong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)法所需(xu)(xu)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材料(liao)有：雷(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)和(he)繼爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)等(deng)(deng)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)有：串聯(lian)(lian)、簇(cu)并聯(lian)(lian)、單向(xiang)分段并聯(lian)(lian)和(he)雙(shuang)向(xiang)分段并聯(lian)(lian)等(deng)(deng)。

給(gei)大家介紹下爆(bao)破(po)(po)聚能(neng)管的技(ji)術(shu)原理∶炸(zha)藥爆(bao)炸(zha)產生(sheng)(sheng)的爆(bao)轟波(bo)通(tong)過聚能(neng)管的聚能(neng)槽，將炸(zha)藥的動(dong)能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、高速、高能(neng)的射流，切割(ge)演示(shi)成(cheng)縫(feng)(feng)。射流在孔(kong)壁產生(sheng)(sheng)射流壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)達7000MPa，巖(yan)(yan)石動(dong)載抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度為200MPa，抗拉(la)為1/8～1/10的抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度，相鄰兩炮(pao)孔(kong)互為鄰空(kong)面，疊加后的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮波(bo)變為稀疏波(bo)，在兩炮(pao)眼(yan)連線上使巖(yan)(yan)石結構斷裂，形成(cheng)裂紋。準靜態氣體膨脹，靜態壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)在兩炮(pao)孔(kong)最短連線兩側(ce)產生(sheng)(sheng)拉(la)力(li)使巖(yan)(yan)石裂縫(feng)(feng)進(jin)一步擴展。根據爆(bao)破(po)(po)應(ying)力(li)集(ji)中氣刃作用原則，爆(bao)破(po)(po)氣體沿(yan)裂縫(feng)(feng)進(jin)一步擴大貫通(tong)，拋落巖(yan)(yan)石。

我(wo)國(guo)于1983年制定(ding)了(le)(le)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物巖行基礎開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)電建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)已成(cheng)為(wei)必須進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)保護邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)挖技(ji)(ji)術措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基礎上修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物巖石基礎開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物巖石基礎開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)均被編入并有(you)所(suo)改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修(xiu)編為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也(ye)不僅規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級(ji)以上的(de)(de)(de)巖石邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)，設計邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)設計和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)應采用光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡(chan)述了(le)(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術設計的(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)和(he)參(can)數(shu)、安(an)全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還(huan)明確(que)了(le)(le)路塹邊(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)項(xiang)目質量(liang)(liang)驗收檢(jian)測(ce)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)和(he)檢(jian)測(ce)方法。無疑該規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推(tui)動和(he)促進(jin)了(le)(le)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術在(zai)鐵路建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用與(yu)發展。

水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技術基礎上發展起來的(de)一(yi)項新技術，其(qi)掏槽(cao)眼(yan)、輔助眼(yan)裝藥(yao)結構(gou)和(he)(he)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)方(fang)式與水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)相同，但(dan)在(zai)周邊眼(yan)中安裝專用(yong)(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管替代常規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)藥(yao)卷(juan)和(he)(he)傳爆(bao)(bao)線，利用(yong)(yong)(yong)線性(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管產(chan)生的(de)粒子射流動(dong)能(neng)(neng)、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)氣體應力(li)及“氣楔”作用(yong)(yong)(yong)，形成平整(zheng)圓順的(de)開挖輪廓面(mian)，對控制超(chao)欠挖具有(you)(you)(you)良好效(xiao)(xiao)果，有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)提升了隧(sui)道施工質(zhi)量、進度(du)和(he)(he)經濟(ji)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)較(jiao)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)周邊眼(yan)單循環火工品使用(yong)(yong)(yong)量上節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔數量從(cong)39個(ge)下降(jiang)為(wei)23個(ge)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)41%，混凝(ning)土噴射每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)1.37立方(fang)米(mi)。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)比水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)每循環節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元，即每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)76較(jiao)元，節(jie)約(yue)(yue)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此外，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)降(jiang)低(di)隧(sui)道內(nei)石渣塊度(du)和(he)(he)粉塵含量，還可使通(tong)風時間有(you)(you)(you)效(xiao)(xiao)縮短33%。

安慶雙向爆破聚能管不成功的事例是有的，如爆而不倒、實施定向爆破后沒有按爆破方案的方向倒塌等等。這些事例警示:從爆破設計、爆破器材質量、爆破施工到起爆網路連接等，只要有一個環節出現失誤，都將影響爆破工程的效果，乃至造成嚴重的后果。雙向爆破聚能管公司爆破(po)作(zuo)業(ye)無(wu)論(lun)是(shi)老舊建(jian)筑物本身還是(shi)周圍環(huan)境都十分(fen)復(fu)雜，這不僅要求(qiu)認真調(diao)查爆破(po)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(包括施工(gong)缺陷)，分(fen)析受力狀況，同(tong)時還要對(dui)采(cai)取(qu)技(ji)術措施(如(ru)預處(chu)理、嵌補(bu)、支撐等)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠和安全性(xing)進行(xing)分(fen)析，對(dui)可能出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)意外情況，應預先(xian)制定應急方案，努(nu)力避免安全事故和不必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失。工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)保性(xing)越來(lai)越受到人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注(zhu)，同(tong)時，探索無(wu)公害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拆除爆破(po)技(ji)術，一直是(shi)爆破(po)工(gong)作(zuo)者追求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目標。設立掩蔽體對(dui)物體加(jia)以(yi)保護(hu)，簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法是(shi)用草袋、竹笆一類材(cai)料覆蓋在需要保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物體上面;對(dui)房屋和機器設備常要在迎(ying)面和頂部豎(shu)立排(pai)架，用木板或荊笆上罩鐵(tie)絲(si)網，抵(di)御較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)飛石和較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣沖擊(ji)波的(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊(ji);對(dui)某些重要工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物打防(fang)震孔或者用預裂爆破(po)將(jiang)爆破(po)區和被保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑物或工(gong)程設施隔離開來(lai)。