聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸、形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體(ti)、引信和支(zhi)架(jia)等部分組成(cheng)，其作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包威(wei)力(li)的(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸，炸是(shi)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)壓越(yue)(yue)大，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈(dan)威(wei)力(li)越(yue)(yue)大；為得(de)到高爆(bao)(bao)壓，需高爆(bao)(bao)速、高密度的(de)(de)炸。常用(yong)(yong)炸有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝(zhuang)(zhuang)方法有(you)熔鑄(zhu)，塑裝(zhuang)(zhuang)和壓裝(zhuang)(zhuang)多(duo)(duo)種。2．型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)把炸的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)炸能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)射流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提(ti)高其穿透和切割能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料必須(xu)滿足四點要求(qiu)，即(ji)可(ke)壓縮性小、密度高、塑性和延展性好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射流中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不汽化(hua)。大量試驗證明，用(yong)(yong)紫銅(tong)制作(zuo)型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果好，其次為鑄(zhu)鐵、鋼和陶瓷。型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)多(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)，如(ru)圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和喇(la)叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)，常見的(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割屬板材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和用(yong)(yong)于(yu)切割管材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)環(huan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)，這種球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬(shun)間同時起爆(bao)(bao)，可(ke)在(zai)空(kong)腔中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心點獲得(de)極大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)和面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)兩類(lei)型(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

預(yu)裂(lie)與光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)歷史與現狀(zhuang)：預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計(ji)開(kai)挖(wa)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)界布(bu)置(zhi)密集(ji)炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)(kong)，采(cai)(cai)取不耦(ou)合裝藥或(huo)裝填低(di)威(wei)力(li)(li)炸藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之(zhi)前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與保留(liu)區之(zhi)間形(xing)成(cheng)預(yu)裂(lie)縫，以減弱主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)對(dui)保留(liu)巖體的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)并形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)(ping)整輪廓(kuo)面的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設計(ji)開(kai)挖(wa)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)界布(bu)設密集(ji)炮(pao)(pao)孔(kong)(kong)，采(cai)(cai)用不耦(ou)合裝藥或(huo)裝填低(di)威(wei)力(li)(li)炸藥，在(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)之(zhi)后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)以形(xing)成(cheng)平(ping)(ping)整的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)輪廓(kuo)面的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展是(shi)先出現光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚(ju)能管國內(nei)歷史與現狀(zhuang)，我國于1964～1965年(nian)(nian)在(zai)湖(hu)北陸水(shui)水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)施工中(zhong)做過淺(qian)孔(kong)(kong)預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗(yan)，1965年(nian)(nian)鐵(tie)道(dao)部(bu)門在(zai)成(cheng)昆(kun)鐵(tie)路建(jian)設中(zhong)開(kai)始試(shi)驗(yan)光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年(nian)(nian)在(zai)西延線張(zhang)家船工點，全長近200m的(de)(de)(de)2000m2路塹邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)全部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)平(ping)(ping)整穩定(ding)，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)(kong)清(qing)晰可(ke)見，是(shi)鐵(tie)路建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用路塹光(guang)(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)。

施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)嚴(yan)格遵循六字方(fang)針(掛滿(man)、貼緊、對準)：(1)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質(zhi)(zhi)量,炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)必須(xu)按技術要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求合理布置(zhi)。(2)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)掏槽(cao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)及其他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質(zhi)(zhi)量,一定要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)規(gui)定位置(zhi)上打眼(yan)(yan)(yan);二要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管裝藥時,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)乳(ru)化炸(zha)藥在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管中(zhong)空內壁中(zhong)填(tian)充飽滿(man)不得有空隙出現(xian)時以(yi)產生拒爆。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管在(zai)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)裝填(tian)時,要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管的兩條聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)指向巷道(dao)(dao)輪廓(kuo)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向并且(qie)各個炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)軸線(xian)(xian)方(fang)面要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)相互連(lian)接在(zai)隧道(dao)(dao)輪廓(kuo)線(xian)(xian)上。否(fou)則成型效果不僅不好,反而(er)更差(cha)。(5)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質(zhi)(zhi)量。(6)放炮(pao)(pao)員應(ying)提(ti)前按規(gui)定裝好聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)管的炸(zha)藥,并做好準備工(gong)(gong)作。試用范圍:一級(ji)至五級(ji)圍巖(yan)的光面爆破工(gong)(gong)程。

專業爆破多向聚能管水壓光面爆破技術，是在水壓光面爆破技術基礎上發展起來的一項新技術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝藥結構和爆破方式與水壓光面爆破相同，但在周邊眼中安裝專用聚能管裝置替代常規爆破藥卷和傳爆線，利用聚能管產生的粒子射流動能、高壓爆破氣體應力及“氣楔”作用，形成平整圓順的開挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有良好效果，有效提升了隧道施工質量、進度和經濟效益。宣城爆破多向聚能管科學合理地(di)利(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)源，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)源利(li)用(yong)效率，對節能(neng)(neng)減排也十分重要。利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端的(de)水平開出的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產生的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)射流效應(ying)對巖石進行破碎。據專家(jia)測算，由于聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管兩端聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產生的(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)切(qie)割效應(ying)，其能(neng)(neng)效比提(ti)升一個量級。