我國于1983年制定了《水工建筑物巖行基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，爆破多向聚能管公司在水利水電建設中預裂爆破與光面爆破已成為必須進行的保護邊坡質量的爆破開挖技術措施。此后在此基礎上修訂的《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水電水利爆破工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂爆破與光面爆破均被編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規定了凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖石邊坡，設計邊坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，專業爆破多向聚能管在邊坡(po)部(bu)位的爆破(po)(po)(po)設計和(he)施(shi)工都應采用光(guang)面(mian)爆破(po)(po)(po)或(huo)預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工技術(shu)設計的原則和(he)參數(shu)、安全措施(shi)，而且(qie)還明確了路塹邊坡(po)光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆破(po)(po)(po)項目質(zhi)量(liang)驗收檢(jian)測數(shu)量(liang)和(he)檢(jian)測方法。無疑該規(gui)程的實施(shi)，有(you)力地(di)推動和(he)促(cu)進了光(guang)面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)在鐵路建設中的應用與發展。

采用(yong)一種抗靜(jing)電阻燃的特種塑料管(guan)、異形(xing)雙槽聚(ju)能管(guan)，根據炮(pao)眼(yan)深度可長可短。是兩個相(xiang)似(si)半壁管(guan)組成(cheng)，半壁管(guan)中(zhong)央有個凹(ao)進去的槽叫做(zuo)'聚(ju)能槽"，使用(yong)聚(ju)能管(guan)光面爆(bao)(bao)破成(cheng)型效(xiao)果好，開(kai)挖(wa)輪(lun)廓線平順整齊，圍巖擾動(dong)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)、超(chao)欠挖(wa)明(ming)顯(xian)改善(shan)，有利于支護工(gong)序施工(gong)，同時混(hun)凝土回(hui)填成(cheng)本大(da)為降低。鑿孔(kong)率(lv)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)30%，大(da)大(da)降低了(le)爆(bao)(bao)破作業工(gong)班的勞動(dong)量(liang):鉆孔(kong)縮短30分鐘、少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)打眼(yan)、出渣量(liang)減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)，降低了(le)材料成(cheng)本、減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)工(gong)時消耗(hao)、勞動(dong)效(xiao)率(lv)明(ming)顯(xian)提高(gao)，周邊眼(yan)爆(bao)(bao)破成(cheng)本降低30%以(yi)上，半眼(yan)痕保留率(lv)高(gao)達85%以(yi)上。pvc爆(bao)(bao)破聚(ju)能管(guan)主要應用(yong)于隧道(dao)、煤礦、鐵礦等需要進行光面爆(bao)(bao)破施工(gong)的工(gong)程(cheng)。采用(yong)聚(ju)能管(guan)的光面爆(bao)(bao)破可減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)鉆孔(kong)，擴大(da)孔(kong)距，減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)導爆(bao)(bao)管(guan)用(yong)量(liang)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)超(chao)挖(wa)，減(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)(shao)(shao)(shao)噴漿，提高(gao)半孔(kong)率(lv)，既節省了(le)成(cheng)本又(you)提高(gao)了(le)施工(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體、引(yin)信和(he)(he)支架(jia)等(deng)部分組成(cheng)，其作用(yong)及(ji)對(dui)(dui)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)威(wei)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆(bao)破的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)壓越大(da)(da)，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈(dan)威(wei)力越大(da)(da)；為得到(dao)高爆(bao)壓，需高爆(bao)速、高密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有(you)梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)(zha)等(deng)，裝方(fang)法有(you)熔(rong)鑄，塑(su)裝和(he)(he)壓裝多種(zhong)。2．型罩(zhao)(zhao)，型罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化成(cheng)罩(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)射(she)流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而提高其穿透(tou)和(he)(he)切割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力。型罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料必須滿足(zu)四點(dian)要求，即(ji)可壓縮性小、密(mi)度高、塑(su)性和(he)(he)延展性好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)射(she)流中(zhong)(zhong)不汽(qi)化。大(da)(da)量試驗證明(ming)，用(yong)紫銅制作型罩(zhao)(zhao)效(xiao)果好，其次為鑄鐵(tie)、鋼和(he)(he)陶瓷(ci)。型罩(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)多樣，主要有(you)軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型，如(ru)圓(yuan)錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物(wu)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)喇叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)；面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型，常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)屬板(ban)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)用(yong)于(yu)切割(ge)管材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)；中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型，這種(zhong)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)，中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔(qiang)和(he)(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)外敷(fu)設炸(zha)(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間同時起爆(bao)，可在(zai)空(kong)腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)點(dian)獲得極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量集中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是軸對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型和(he)(he)面對(dui)(dui)稱(cheng)型兩類型罩(zhao)(zhao)。

水(shui)(shui)壓光面爆破(po)技(ji)術，是在(zai)水(shui)(shui)壓光面爆破(po)技(ji)術基礎上(shang)發(fa)展起來的(de)(de)一項(xiang)新技(ji)術，其掏槽眼、輔助眼裝(zhuang)藥結(jie)構(gou)和(he)爆破(po)方(fang)式與(yu)水(shui)(shui)壓光面爆破(po)相同，但在(zai)周邊眼中安裝(zhuang)專(zhuan)用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)裝(zhuang)置替代常規爆破(po)藥卷和(he)傳爆線，利用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)產生的(de)(de)粒子射(she)流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、高壓爆破(po)氣(qi)體應力及“氣(qi)楔”作(zuo)用，形(xing)成平整圓順的(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪廓面，對控制超欠挖具有(you)良好效果，有(you)效提(ti)升(sheng)了隧道施工質量、進度(du)和(he)經濟效益。科學合理(li)地利用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用效率，對節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)減(jian)排(pai)也(ye)十分(fen)重要。利用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)兩端(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)平開(kai)出的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)射(she)流效應對巖石進行破(po)碎。據專(zhuan)家測算，由(you)于聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)兩端(duan)(duan)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽產生的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效應，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效比提(ti)升(sheng)一個量級(ji)。

給大(da)家介紹(shao)下爆(bao)破(po)聚能(neng)管的(de)技術原理∶炸藥爆(bao)炸產生的(de)爆(bao)轟波通(tong)過聚能(neng)管的(de)聚能(neng)槽(cao)，將炸藥的(de)動能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉換成(cheng)(cheng)高壓(ya)(ya)、高速、高能(neng)的(de)射流(liu)，切割(ge)演示成(cheng)(cheng)縫(feng)。射流(liu)在(zai)孔(kong)(kong)壁產生射流(liu)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)達(da)7000MPa，巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)動載抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強度為(wei)200MPa，抗(kang)拉為(wei)1/8～1/10的(de)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強度，相鄰兩炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)互為(wei)鄰空面(mian)，疊加后的(de)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)波變(bian)為(wei)稀疏波，在(zai)兩炮(pao)眼連(lian)線上(shang)使(shi)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)結構(gou)斷裂，形成(cheng)(cheng)裂紋。準靜(jing)(jing)態氣(qi)體(ti)膨脹，靜(jing)(jing)態壓(ya)(ya)力(li)在(zai)兩炮(pao)孔(kong)(kong)最短(duan)連(lian)線兩側產生拉力(li)使(shi)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)裂縫(feng)進一(yi)(yi)步擴展。根(gen)據(ju)爆(bao)破(po)應力(li)集中氣(qi)刃(ren)作用(yong)原則，爆(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體(ti)沿裂縫(feng)進一(yi)(yi)步擴大(da)貫通(tong)，拋落(luo)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)，在(zai)周邊眼(yan)單循環火工品使用(yong)量上節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)數量從(cong)39個下降為23個費(fei)用(yong)節約(yue)41%，混(hun)凝(ning)土噴射每延米(mi)節約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)每循環節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即每延米(mi)節約(yue)76較元，節約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)比例(li)達32%。此外(wai)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)(neng)有(you)效(xiao)降低(di)隧道內石渣塊度(du)和粉塵(chen)含量，還可(ke)使通風(feng)時間(jian)有(you)效(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)工藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)很(hen)成(cheng)(cheng)熟、可(ke)操作(zuo)性很(hen)強(qiang)、材料成(cheng)(cheng)本很(hen)低(di)、施工速(su)度(du)很(hen)快(kuai)、節能(neng)(neng)環保(bao)效(xiao)果很(hen)顯(xian)著、經濟效(xiao)益社會效(xiao)益很(hen)高。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)是近幾年發展起來的(de)一項掘進新技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)與(yu)傳統的(de)光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)有(you)一定(ding)(ding)的(de)差(cha)別,聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)原理是在(zai)巷(xiang)道周邊眼(yan)中(zhong),將炸(zha)裝在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管中(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)時利用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管的(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)作(zuo)用(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)數量和控(kong)制優勢裂隙的(de)發展方向(xiang)。