預(yu)裂(lie)與(yu)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)歷(li)史與(yu)現狀(zhuang)：預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是沿設(she)(she)計(ji)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)邊界布置密集炮(pao)孔，采(cai)取不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力(li)炸藥，在主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區之前起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從(cong)而(er)在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區與(yu)保留(liu)區之間形(xing)成預(yu)裂(lie)縫，以(yi)減弱主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖體的(de)破(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成平(ping)整輪廓面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)是沿設(she)(she)計(ji)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)邊界布設(she)(she)密集炮(pao)孔，采(cai)用(yong)不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低威(wei)力(li)炸藥，在主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)之后(hou)起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以(yi)形(xing)成平(ping)整的(de)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)輪廓面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發(fa)展是先出現光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發(fa)展為預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷(li)史與(yu)現狀(zhuang)，我國于1964～1965年(nian)(nian)在湖北陸水水電站施(shi)工中做過淺孔預(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)試驗，1965年(nian)(nian)鐵道(dao)部門在成昆鐵路建設(she)(she)中開始試驗光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，1977年(nian)(nian)在西(xi)延線(xian)張家(jia)船工點，全長近(jin)200m的(de)2000m2路塹邊坡全部采(cai)用(yong)光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平(ping)整穩定，殘(can)留(liu)的(de)半孔清晰可(ke)見，是鐵路建設(she)(she)中采(cai)用(yong)路塹光面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。

水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術，是(shi)在水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術基(ji)礎上發展起來的一項(xiang)新技(ji)術，其掏槽(cao)眼、輔助眼裝藥結構(gou)和爆(bao)(bao)破(po)方式與水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)相同，但在周(zhou)邊眼中安裝專(zhuan)用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)裝置替代常規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)藥卷(juan)和傳爆(bao)(bao)線，利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)產生(sheng)的粒(li)子射(she)流動能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、高(gao)壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)氣(qi)體應力及(ji)“氣(qi)楔”作用(yong)，形成平(ping)(ping)整圓順的開挖輪廓面(mian)(mian)，對控制超欠(qian)挖具有良好效(xiao)(xiao)果，有效(xiao)(xiao)提升了隧道(dao)施工質(zhi)量、進(jin)度和經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)益。科學合理地利(li)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，提高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源利(li)用(yong)效(xiao)(xiao)率，對節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)減排也十分(fen)重要。利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)兩(liang)端的水(shui)平(ping)(ping)開出的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產生(sheng)的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)射(she)流效(xiao)(xiao)應對巖石進(jin)行破(po)碎。據專(zhuan)家測算，由于(yu)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)兩(liang)端聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)產生(sheng)的聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)切割效(xiao)(xiao)應，其能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)(xiao)比提升一個量級。

在工程爆破中，爆破多向聚能管廠家常用的起爆方法有：電力起爆法、導火索起爆法、導爆索起爆法、導爆管起爆法。電力起爆法是利用電能使雷管爆炸，進而起爆炸藥的起爆芳法。它所需的器材有：電雷管、導線和起爆電源。電爆網路的連接形式，要根據爆破方法、爆破規模、工程的重要性、所選起爆電源及其起爆能力等進行選擇，泰安爆破多向聚能管基本連(lian)接(jie)方式有(you)：串(chuan)聯、并(bing)聯、串(chuan)并(bing)聯和(he)并(bing)串(chuan)聯等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有(you)較安全(quan)、可靠、準確、高效(xiao)等優點，在(zai)國內外仍(reng)占有(you)較大比重(zhong)。在(zai)大、中型爆(bao)(bao)破中，主要仍(reng)是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)。特別(bie)是在(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦(kuang)塵爆(bao)(bao)炸的環境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)是主要的起爆(bao)(bao)方法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起爆(bao)(bao)容易受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的干擾而(er)發(fa)生早爆(bao)(bao)，因此(ci)在(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射(she)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的環境中，不能使(shi)用(yong)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管。

是由管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)、前錐形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽、后定格(ge)(ge)堵構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)，管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)為塑性材(cai)料制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)，呈管(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)，管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)小(xiao)于正常炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，長度可(ke)隨爆破需要生產，管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)兩端(duan)各有(you)(you)外(wai)螺紋(wen)，兩端(duan)外(wai)螺紋(wen)間有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)縱向切縫(feng)，切縫(feng)間等距有(you)(you)加強筋(jin)，前錐形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽呈傘(san)狀(zhuang)，傘(san)形(xing)尖(jian)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)光孔，兩側(ce)直(zhi)壁(bi)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)螺紋(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)前端(duan)螺紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)(he)，帽體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，后定格(ge)(ge)堵為一(yi)(yi)封蓋，外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)直(zhi)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)大于管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)，與(yu)前錐形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)致，后定格(ge)(ge)堵內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)(you)螺紋(wen)，與(yu)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)后端(duan)螺紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)(he)。可(ke)根據炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)深度采用(yong)合(he)(he)適的(de)聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)，不需其他工(gong)具(ju)幫助送(song)入炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)，切縫(feng)方向準確(que)，兩端(duan)的(de)前錐形(xing)定格(ge)(ge)帽和后定格(ge)(ge)堵外(wai)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)與(yu)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)致，保證聚能(neng)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)同心，定向準確(que)。且利于工(gong)業化生產，作業安(an)全

水(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)較(jiao)水(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，在(zai)周邊(bian)眼(yan)單(dan)循環(huan)(huan)火工(gong)品使用(yong)量(liang)(liang)上節(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)8.3%，周邊(bian)眼(yan)鉆(zhan)孔數量(liang)(liang)從39個(ge)下降為(wei)23個(ge)費用(yong)節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土(tu)噴射每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方米(mi)。水(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)每循環(huan)(huan)節(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)258.4元，即每延米(mi)節(jie)約(yue)76較(jiao)元，節(jie)約(yue)費用(yong)比例達(da)32%。此外，聚(ju)能管水(shui)(shui)壓光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)能有效(xiao)降低隧道(dao)內石渣塊度和粉塵(chen)含量(liang)(liang)，還(huan)可(ke)使通風時(shi)間有效(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)能管光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)藝技術(shu)很(hen)(hen)成熟(shu)、可(ke)操作性(xing)很(hen)(hen)強(qiang)、材料成本很(hen)(hen)低、施工(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)、節(jie)能環(huan)(huan)保效(xiao)果很(hen)(hen)顯著(zhu)、經濟(ji)效(xiao)益社會效(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)高。聚(ju)能管定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)是近幾年發展起來的一項掘進(jin)新技術(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)與傳統的光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術(shu)有一定(ding)的差別,聚(ju)能管定(ding)向爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)原理是在(zai)巷道(dao)周邊(bian)眼(yan)中,將炸裝在(zai)聚(ju)能管中起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)時(shi)利用(yong)聚(ju)能管的聚(ju)能作用(yong),以(yi)減少裂隙(xi)的數量(liang)(liang)和控制(zhi)優勢裂隙(xi)的發展方向。