專用爆破聚能管預裂與光面爆破技術的歷史與現狀：預裂爆破是沿設計開挖邊界布置密集炮孔，采取不耦合裝藥或裝填低威力炸藥，在主爆區之前起爆，從而在爆區與保留區之間形成預裂縫，以減弱主爆破對保留巖體的破壞并形成平整輪廓面的爆破作業。爆破聚能管廠家光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿(yan)設計開挖(wa)邊界布設密集(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采用(yong)(yong)不耦合裝藥或裝填低威力炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以形成平整(zheng)的(de)開挖(wa)輪廓面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)是(shi)先出現光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然(ran)后(hou)衍(yan)生發(fa)展(zhan)為預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國內歷(li)史(shi)與(yu)現狀，我國于1964～1965年在(zai)湖北陸(lu)水水電站(zhan)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中做過淺(qian)孔(kong)(kong)預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗(yan)，1965年鐵(tie)道部門(men)在(zai)成昆鐵(tie)路建(jian)設中開始試驗(yan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)西延線張(zhang)家船工(gong)(gong)點，全(quan)長近200m的(de)2000m2路塹邊坡全(quan)部采用(yong)(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平整(zheng)穩定，殘留的(de)半孔(kong)(kong)清晰可(ke)見(jian)，是(shi)鐵(tie)路建(jian)設中采用(yong)(yong)路塹光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。

施工工藝嚴格(ge)遵循六字方針(zhen)(掛(gua)滿、貼緊、對準)：(1)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)打(da)眼(yan)質(zhi)(zhi)量,炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)必(bi)須按技(ji)術要(yao)(yao)求合理布置(zhi)。(2)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)掏槽(cao)眼(yan)以及(ji)其他眼(yan)眼(yan)的(de)(de)(de)打(da)眼(yan)質(zhi)(zhi)量,一定要(yao)(yao)在(zai)規(gui)定位置(zhi)上(shang)打(da)眼(yan);二要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)深(shen)度和(he)角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)裝藥時(shi),要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)乳化炸藥在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)中空內壁中填充(chong)飽(bao)滿不(bu)(bu)得有(you)空隙出現時(shi)以產生拒爆(bao)。(4)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)在(zai)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)中裝填時(shi),要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)兩條聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)指向巷(xiang)道輪廓線(xian)方向并(bing)且各個炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)槽(cao)軸(zhou)線(xian)方面(mian)(mian)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)相互連接在(zai)隧道輪廓線(xian)上(shang)。否(fou)則成型效(xiao)果不(bu)(bu)僅不(bu)(bu)好(hao),反而更差。(5)保(bao)證(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)堵塞質(zhi)(zhi)量。(6)放炮(pao)(pao)員(yuan)應(ying)提前按規(gui)定裝好(hao)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)炸藥,并(bing)做好(hao)準備(bei)工作。試用范圍:一級(ji)至五級(ji)圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破工程。

我(wo)國(guo)于1983年制定了《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)行基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電建(jian)設(she)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已(yi)成為必(bi)須(xu)進行的保護邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)質量的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此后在(zai)此基礎(chu)(chu)上修訂的《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)規范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均被(bei)編入并有(you)所(suo)改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部(bu)也不僅(jin)規定了凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖(yan)(yan)石邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)，設(she)計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)坡(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)部(bu)位(wei)的爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計(ji)和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采(cai)用光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡(chan)述(shu)了光面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)的原則和(he)參數(shu)、安全措施(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)還明確了路塹(qian)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)光面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項目(mu)質量驗收檢(jian)測(ce)數(shu)量和(he)檢(jian)測(ce)方法。無(wu)疑(yi)該規程(cheng)(cheng)的實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和(he)促進了光面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)在(zai)鐵路建(jian)設(she)中的應(ying)用與發展。

發(fa)(fa)揮巨大效(xiao)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)又在其上面的(de)(de)(de)“聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”上。項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)部(bu)目(mu)(mu)前采用的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管有兩(liang)個“聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”，通過(guo)這(zhe)兩(liang)個聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)的(de)(de)(de)作用讓爆炸的(de)(de)(de)威力(li)(li)在隧道中切割出(chu)十分平順的(de)(de)(de)輪廓線(xian)，的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)了(le)(le)爆破量(liang)，有效(xiao)管控(kong)了(le)(le)超挖(wa)欠挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。為了(le)(le)進一步嚴格控(kong)制(zhi)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)輪廓，達到提高光面爆破效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，并研(yan)究(jiu)出(chu)了(le)(le)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管上兩(liang)個“聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”變為三個“聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明設(she)計(ji)，目(mu)(mu)前，該發(fa)(fa)明設(she)計(ji)已經進入到了(le)(le)試生產階(jie)段。未來，三“聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓爆破技術(shu)將(jiang)推動中鐵(tie)(tie)十四(si)(si)局四(si)(si)公司張吉懷鐵(tie)(tie)路項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)部(bu)施(shi)工開(kai)(kai)(kai)展邁上一個新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)臺階(jie)，給項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)(mu)部(bu)帶(dai)來巨大的(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益。工程爆破技術(shu)經過(guo)幾十年的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，已經滲(shen)透到經濟建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)眾(zhong)多領(ling)域，特別為中國的(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)路建(jian)設(she)、礦(kuang)山開(kai)(kai)(kai)采、城(cheng)市拆舊(jiu)定向爆破等(deng)做出(chu)了(le)(le)重要貢(gong)獻。