專業礦用型聚能管水壓光面爆破技術在隧道掘進作業中的實際應用。提升光面爆破水平、嚴抓隧道超挖管控進行了介紹。聚能水壓光面爆破工藝技術很成熟、可操作性很強、材料成本很低、施工速度很快、節能環保效果很顯著、經濟效益社會效益很高。一是要提高對推廣該項技術重要性和必然性的認識;二是要樹立必須采取聚能水壓光面爆破的意識;三是要堅持培訓、示范、監督“三位一體”;四是要制定切實的獎懲制度;五是要建立檢查監督機制，持續促進該項技術的深入推廣。礦用型聚能管價格在隧道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的現場管理(li)、科技創新(xin)、人(ren)才培養、經濟效益等方面的不足。建議對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)一線(xian)基礎技術工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)扎實推進;對新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、先進工(gong)(gong)(gong)法要深入(ru)學習鉆研;對消極懈怠、故步自封的思想要堅決抵制。

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)20世紀(ji)60年代(dai)利(li)用斷裂力(li)學(xue)對巖石損(sun)傷引起的(de)裂紋擴(kuo)展進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)過(guo)試驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，為聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)術應用到工程做了(le)不(bu)少理(li)論分析，也取得(de)一(yi)些進(jin)(jin)(jin)展。80年代(dai)中期開(kai)(kai)始(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)應用研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，以北京礦(kuang)業學(xue)院(yuan)為代(dai)表(biao)，著(zhu)重研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了(le)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)包切(qie)割(ge)饑理(li)和(he)應用。1987年淮南礦(kuang)業學(xue)院(yuan)取得(de)“雙(shuang)(shuang)面(mian)切(qie)割(ge)器”的(de)zhuanli，1995年又取得(de)“大(da)理(li)石花崗(gang)巖切(qie)割(ge)技(ji)術應用”zhuanli。1991年中國(guo)(guo)水電七局(ju)曾試圖采用硬質紙加工聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)管(guan)成形聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能藥(yao)卷做過(guo)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能預裂爆(bao)破(po)試驗(yan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，但終因當(dang)時(shi)的(de)技(ji)術及工藝水平(ping)的(de)限制(zhi)無法用于正常(chang)施工，但是(shi)他們開(kai)(kai)了(le)橢(tuo)圓雙(shuang)(shuang)極(ji)線(xian)性聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能結構試驗(yan)的(de)先河(he)。雙(shuang)(shuang)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能預裂與(yu)光面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)綜合(he)技(ji)術開(kai)(kai)創輪廓控制(zhi)爆(bao)破(po)新時(shi)代(dai)。

在工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)火索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)使雷(lei)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)，進(jin)而(er)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所(suo)需的(de)(de)(de)器材(cai)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)、導(dao)(dao)線和(he)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)連接形(xing)式，要(yao)根(gen)據(ju)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方法(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模(mo)、工程的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)、所(suo)選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)(neng)力(li)等(deng)進(jin)行選(xuan)擇，基本(ben)連接方式有(you)：串聯、并(bing)(bing)聯、串并(bing)(bing)聯和(he)并(bing)(bing)串聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)具有(you)較安(an)全、可靠(kao)、準確(que)、高效等(deng)優點，在國內外仍占(zhan)有(you)較大(da)比重(zhong)。在大(da)、中(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)，主要(yao)仍是(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受(shou)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)(de)干擾而(er)發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射(she)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境中(zhong)，不能(neng)(neng)使用(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)。

施工工藝(yi)嚴格遵循六(liu)字(zi)方針(掛滿(man)、貼緊、對準(zhun))：(1)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)必須按技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求合理布置。(2)要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)掏槽(cao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)以(yi)及其他眼(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質量,一定要(yao)(yao)在規(gui)定位置上(shang)打眼(yan)(yan)(yan);二要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)能管裝藥時(shi),要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)乳化炸(zha)藥在聚(ju)能管中(zhong)空(kong)內壁中(zhong)填充飽滿(man)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得有空(kong)隙出現時(shi)以(yi)產生拒(ju)爆。(4)聚(ju)能管在炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)裝填時(shi),要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)能管的(de)(de)(de)兩條聚(ju)能槽(cao)指向(xiang)巷道輪廓(kuo)線(xian)方向(xiang)并且各個炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)能管的(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)能槽(cao)軸線(xian)方面要(yao)(yao)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)相互(hu)連(lian)接(jie)在隧道輪廓(kuo)線(xian)上(shang)。否則成型效果不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)不(bu)(bu)(bu)好,反而更差。(5)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)堵(du)塞質量。(6)放炮(pao)員應提前按規(gui)定裝好聚(ju)能管的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)藥,并做好準(zhun)備工作。試(shi)用范圍:一級(ji)至(zhi)五級(ji)圍巖的(de)(de)(de)光面爆破工程。

不(bu)成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)例(li)是(shi)(shi)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如爆(bao)(bao)而不(bu)倒(dao)、實施(shi)定向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)后沒有按爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)倒(dao)塌(ta)等(deng)等(deng)。這些事(shi)(shi)例(li)警示:從爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)計、爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)器材質(zhi)量、爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)工到(dao)起爆(bao)(bao)網(wang)路連接等(deng)，只要有一(yi)個環節出現(xian)失(shi)誤，都(dou)將影響爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果，乃至造成嚴重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后果。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)作業無(wu)(wu)論是(shi)(shi)老(lao)舊建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)本身(shen)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)周圍環境都(dou)十分(fen)(fen)復雜，這不(bu)僅要求認真調查爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(包(bao)括施(shi)工缺陷)，分(fen)(fen)析受力狀況，同時還(huan)要對(dui)采取(qu)技術措(cuo)施(shi)(如預處理(li)、嵌(qian)補、支(zhi)撐等(deng))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠和(he)安全性(xing)進行分(fen)(fen)析，對(dui)可(ke)(ke)能出現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意外(wai)情況，應預先(xian)制(zhi)定應急方(fang)案，努(nu)力避免安全事(shi)(shi)故和(he)不(bu)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環保(bao)性(xing)越來越受到(dao)人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關注，同時，探索(suo)無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拆除爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技術，一(yi)直是(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工作者(zhe)追(zhui)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目標(biao)。設(she)立(li)掩蔽體(ti)(ti)對(dui)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)加以保(bao)護，簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法是(shi)(shi)用草(cao)袋、竹(zhu)笆一(yi)類材料覆(fu)蓋在需要保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)上(shang)面;對(dui)房(fang)屋和(he)機器設(she)備常要在迎面和(he)頂部(bu)豎立(li)排架，用木(mu)板或荊笆上(shang)罩(zhao)鐵絲網(wang)，抵御較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)飛石和(he)較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)氣沖擊(ji)波(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)打擊(ji);對(dui)某些重(zhong)(zhong)要工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)打防震孔或者(zhe)用預裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)將爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)區和(he)被保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)或工程(cheng)設(she)施(shi)隔離開來。