聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)、隔(ge)板、殼體(ti)、引信和(he)支架(jia)等部分組成，其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)及對(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包威力(li)的(de)(de)影響分述如(ru)下。1．炸(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)是(shi)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆破(po)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆壓(ya)越大，聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力(li)越大；為得到(dao)高爆壓(ya)，需高爆速(su)、高密度(du)(du)的(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)炸(zha)(zha)有(you)梯(ti)恩(en)梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)等，裝(zhuang)方法有(you)熔鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)。2．型(xing)罩(zhao)，型(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)把炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)(hua)成罩(zhao)體(ti)材料的(de)(de)射流動(dong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而(er)提高其(qi)穿透(tou)和(he)切(qie)割(ge)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)材料必須滿足(zu)四點要(yao)求，即可(ke)壓(ya)縮性(xing)小、密度(du)(du)高、塑性(xing)和(he)延展性(xing)好，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)成射流中不汽化(hua)(hua)。大量(liang)試驗證(zheng)明，用(yong)(yong)紫銅(tong)制作型(xing)罩(zhao)效果好，其(qi)次為鑄鐵(tie)、鋼和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)罩(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)軸對(dui)稱型(xing)，如(ru)圓錐(zhui)形(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)等；面對(dui)稱型(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)(yong)于切(qie)割(ge)屬板材的(de)(de)直線形(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)(yong)于切(qie)割(ge)管材的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)兩種(zhong)；中心對(dui)稱型(xing)，這(zhe)種(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)空腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)瞬間(jian)同(tong)時起爆，可(ke)在(zai)空腔中心點獲(huo)得極大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)集中。在(zai)工(gong)程中常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi)軸對(dui)稱型(xing)和(he)面對(dui)稱型(xing)兩類型(xing)罩(zhao)。

我國于1983年制定了(le)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)行(xing)基礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此，在(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電建設(she)(she)中預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)(wei)必須進(jin)行(xing)的(de)保護邊坡(po)(po)(po)質量的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。此后(hou)在(zai)此基礎上(shang)修訂的(de)《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以(yi)及在(zai)《水(shui)電水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編入并有所(suo)改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為(wei)(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道(dao)部(bu)也不(bu)僅規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)凡是(shi)Ⅲ級(ji)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)巖(yan)石邊坡(po)(po)(po)，設(she)(she)計(ji)邊坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度為(wei)(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊坡(po)(po)(po)部(bu)位(wei)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)(she)計(ji)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)都應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光面(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)原則和參數、安(an)全措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還(huan)明確了(le)路(lu)塹邊坡(po)(po)(po)光面(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測(ce)數量和檢測(ce)方法(fa)。無(wu)疑該規(gui)(gui)(gui)程的(de)實施(shi)(shi)，有力地推動和促進(jin)了(le)光面(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術在(zai)鐵路(lu)建設(she)(she)中的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)發(fa)展。

在(zai)工(gong)(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，常用的起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)火索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能使雷(lei)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)。它所(suo)需的器材(cai)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管、導(dao)線(xian)和起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連接形式(shi)，要根(gen)據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工(gong)(gong)程的重(zhong)(zhong)要性、所(suo)選(xuan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)進行選(xuan)擇，基(ji)本連接方(fang)式(shi)有(you)：串聯、并聯、串并聯和并串聯等(deng)(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具(ju)有(you)較(jiao)安(an)全、可靠(kao)、準確、高效等(deng)(deng)優(you)點，在(zai)國內外仍(reng)占有(you)較(jiao)大(da)比重(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)大(da)、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，主要仍(reng)是(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)在(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的環(huan)境(jing)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要的起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。但(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容(rong)易受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓(ya)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的環(huan)境(jing)中，不能使用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管。

水(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)在隧道(dao)(dao)掘進(jin)作業中(zhong)的(de)(de)實際應用。提(ti)升光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)水(shui)平(ping)、嚴抓隧道(dao)(dao)超(chao)挖管(guan)控進(jin)行了介紹。聚能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)藝技術(shu)(shu)(shu)很(hen)(hen)成熟、可(ke)操(cao)作性(xing)很(hen)(hen)強、材料成本很(hen)(hen)低、施工(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快(kuai)、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)環保效果很(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟效益(yi)社(she)會效益(yi)很(hen)(hen)高。一是要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高對(dui)(dui)推廣該(gai)(gai)項(xiang)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)和必(bi)然性(xing)的(de)(de)認識(shi);二(er)是要(yao)(yao)樹立必(bi)須采取聚能(neng)(neng)水(shui)壓光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)的(de)(de)意識(shi);三是要(yao)(yao)堅持培訓(xun)、示范、監督(du)“三位一體”;四(si)是要(yao)(yao)制(zhi)定切(qie)實的(de)(de)獎懲(cheng)制(zhi)度;五是要(yao)(yao)建立檢查監督(du)機(ji)制(zhi)，持續促進(jin)該(gai)(gai)項(xiang)技術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)深入(ru)推廣。在隧道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)的(de)(de)現(xian)場(chang)管(guan)理、科(ke)技創新(xin)、人才培養、經濟效益(yi)等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)不足。建議對(dui)(dui)施工(gong)一線基(ji)礎技術(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)作扎實推進(jin);對(dui)(dui)新(xin)工(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)法要(yao)(yao)深入(ru)學習鉆研;對(dui)(dui)消極懈怠、故(gu)步自封的(de)(de)思想要(yao)(yao)堅決抵制(zhi)。

專用礦用型聚能管預裂與光面爆破技術的歷史與現狀：預裂爆破是沿設計開挖邊界布置密集炮孔，采取不耦合裝藥或裝填低威力炸藥，在主爆區之前起爆，從而在爆區與保留區之間形成預裂縫，以減弱主爆破對保留巖體的破壞并形成平整輪廓面的爆破作業。礦用型聚能管公司光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)是沿設計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界(jie)布設密集炮孔，采用不耦合裝藥或裝填(tian)低威力炸藥，在主爆(bao)區爆(bao)破(po)(po)之(zhi)后起爆(bao)的(de)以形成(cheng)(cheng)平整的(de)開(kai)挖輪廓面(mian)的(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)破(po)(po)技術的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)是先出現光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)，然(ran)后衍生發展(zhan)(zhan)為預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)內歷史與(yu)現狀，我(wo)國(guo)于1964～1965年(nian)在湖北陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施(shi)工中做過淺孔預(yu)裂爆(bao)破(po)(po)試驗，1965年(nian)鐵道部門在成(cheng)(cheng)昆鐵路建設中開(kai)始試驗光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)，1977年(nian)在西(xi)延線(xian)張(zhang)家船工點，全長近(jin)200m的(de)2000m2路塹邊(bian)坡(po)(po)全部采用光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)，爆(bao)破(po)(po)后邊(bian)坡(po)(po)平整穩定，殘留的(de)半孔清晰(xi)可見，是鐵路建設中采用路塹光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破(po)(po)。

給(gei)大家介紹下爆(bao)破聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)技術原(yuan)理∶炸藥(yao)爆(bao)炸產生(sheng)的(de)爆(bao)轟波(bo)通過聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽，將炸藥(yao)的(de)動能(neng)(neng)、勢能(neng)(neng)轉換成高壓(ya)、高速(su)、高能(neng)(neng)的(de)射流(liu)，切(qie)割演示成縫(feng)。射流(liu)在孔(kong)壁產生(sheng)射流(liu)壓(ya)力達7000MPa，巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)動載抗(kang)壓(ya)強度為200MPa，抗(kang)拉(la)為1/8～1/10的(de)抗(kang)壓(ya)強度，相鄰兩炮孔(kong)互(hu)為鄰空面，疊加后的(de)壓(ya)縮波(bo)變為稀(xi)疏波(bo)，在兩炮眼連(lian)線上使(shi)巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)結構(gou)斷(duan)裂，形成裂紋。準(zhun)靜態氣(qi)體(ti)膨(peng)脹，靜態壓(ya)力在兩炮孔(kong)最(zui)短連(lian)線兩側產生(sheng)拉(la)力使(shi)巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)裂縫(feng)進一步擴(kuo)展。根據(ju)爆(bao)破應力集(ji)中(zhong)氣(qi)刃作用原(yuan)則，爆(bao)破氣(qi)體(ti)沿裂縫(feng)進一步擴(kuo)大貫(guan)通，拋(pao)落巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)。