我國于1983年(nian)制(zhi)定了(le)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)行基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)已成為(wei)必(bi)須進行的(de)(de)(de)保護(hu)邊坡(po)(po)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖技術(shu)(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)。此后在(zai)(zai)此基礎(chu)(chu)上修訂的(de)(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(SL 47一1994)以及(ji)在(zai)(zai)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑(zhu)物(wu)巖(yan)石基礎(chu)(chu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)與(yu)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)均被編(bian)入并有(you)所改(gai)進，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)(zai)修編(bian)為(wei)DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也(ye)不僅規(gui)定了(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石邊坡(po)(po)，設(she)計(ji)邊坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度為(wei)1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)(zai)邊坡(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設(she)計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用(yong)光面爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)光面(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)原則和參數、安全措(cuo)施(shi)，而且還明確(que)了(le)路塹邊坡(po)(po)光面(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)項目質量(liang)驗收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和檢測(ce)方(fang)法(fa)。無疑(yi)該規(gui)程的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)，有(you)力地推動(dong)和促進了(le)光面(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)(shu)在(zai)(zai)鐵路建設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)與(yu)發展(zhan)。

水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)在隧道掘進(jin)作(zuo)業中的實際應用。提(ti)升光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)水(shui)(shui)平、嚴抓隧道超挖管控進(jin)行了介(jie)紹。聚能水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)工藝技(ji)術(shu)很(hen)成(cheng)熟、可操(cao)作(zuo)性很(hen)強、材料成(cheng)本很(hen)低、施工速度(du)很(hen)快、節能環保效果很(hen)顯著、經濟(ji)效益社會(hui)效益很(hen)高。一是(shi)要(yao)提(ti)高對推廣該項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)性和必然性的認識(shi);二是(shi)要(yao)樹立必須采取(qu)聚能水(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)的意識(shi);三(san)是(shi)要(yao)堅持培訓(xun)、示(shi)范、監督(du)“三(san)位(wei)一體”;四(si)是(shi)要(yao)制定切(qie)實的獎懲(cheng)制度(du);五是(shi)要(yao)建立檢查監督(du)機(ji)制，持續促進(jin)該項(xiang)技(ji)術(shu)的深(shen)入推廣。在隧道施工的現場管理(li)、科技(ji)創新、人才培養、經濟(ji)效益等(deng)方面(mian)的不足。建議(yi)對施工一線基礎技(ji)術(shu)工作(zuo)扎實推進(jin);對新工藝、先進(jin)工法要(yao)深(shen)入學習鉆(zhan)研;對消極懈怠、故步自(zi)封的思(si)想要(yao)堅決抵(di)制。

水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)較水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)，在周(zhou)邊(bian)眼單循(xun)環火(huo)工(gong)品使用(yong)量上節約費(fei)(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)邊(bian)眼鉆孔數(shu)量從39個下降為23個費(fei)(fei)用(yong)節約41%，混凝土(tu)噴射每延米(mi)節約1.37立方(fang)米(mi)。水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)比水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)每循(xun)環節約費(fei)(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即(ji)每延米(mi)節約76較元，節約費(fei)(fei)用(yong)比例達(da)32%。此(ci)外，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)水(shui)壓(ya)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)效降低隧道(dao)(dao)內石渣(zha)塊度和(he)粉(fen)塵含量，還可使通風時(shi)(shi)間有(you)(you)效縮(suo)短33%。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)藝(yi)技術很(hen)成(cheng)熟、可操作性(xing)很(hen)強、材料成(cheng)本很(hen)低、施(shi)工(gong)速度很(hen)快、節能(neng)(neng)環保效果(guo)很(hen)顯著、經濟效益社(she)會效益很(hen)高。聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術是近幾年發(fa)展起來(lai)的(de)一項掘進新(xin)技術,這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術與傳統的(de)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技術有(you)(you)一定的(de)差別(bie),聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)定向(xiang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)原理是在巷道(dao)(dao)周(zhou)邊(bian)眼中,將炸裝在聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)中起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)時(shi)(shi)利用(yong)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)的(de)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)作用(yong),以減少裂隙的(de)數(shu)量和(he)控制優勢(shi)裂隙的(de)發(fa)展方(fang)向(xiang)。

在鐵路、礦山、水庫等大型工程中，礦用型雙向聚能管價格爆破技術的作用很關鍵很重要。采礦修路的開山挖隧道，城市對舊建筑物的拆除，都會用到爆破技術。隨著經濟的發展、工程建設的增多，專用礦用型雙向聚能管爆(bao)(bao)破(po)引起了(le)人們更多的(de)(de)關注。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)聚(ju)能管作為一(yi)種(zhong)科學技術，應用(yong)(yong)很廣，但在(zai)工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)無疑是重要、常見(jian)的(de)(de)，采(cai)礦開(kai)(kai)山(shan)(shan)，修鐵路(lu)、公路(lu)用(yong)(yong)鉆爆(bao)(bao)法來開(kai)(kai)掘隧道，水利工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上也用(yong)(yong)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)，城(cheng)市里面也使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了(le)，拆除樓房。利用(yong)(yong)炸爆(bao)(bao)炸產生的(de)(de)巨大(da)(da)能量破(po)壞某種(zhong)物體(ti)的(de)(de)原結構，這(zhe)種(zhong)"破(po)壞"效果不是其他方法能代(dai)替(ti)的(de)(de)，它雖(sui)然不是獨立(li)完成(cheng)一(yi)個工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，但卻(que)是一(yi)個重要的(de)(de)工序，特別是石方開(kai)(kai)挖、礦山(shan)(shan)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)等工程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)缺少(shao)了(le)這(zhe)個工序還不行。中國目前有發達的(de)(de)鐵路(lu)和公路(lu)交通網(wang)，可以(yi)想象，當初在(zai)修這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)路(lu)的(de)(de)時候會(hui)遇(yu)到許多高山(shan)(shan)峻嶺，一(yi)座大(da)(da)山(shan)(shan)橫在(zai)兩地(di)之間，想要修路(lu)，就必須(xu)讓(rang)這(zhe)座山(shan)(shan)消失，這(zhe)個時候聚(ju)能管爆(bao)(bao)破(po)就起到決(jue)定性作用(yong)(yong)了(le)。

是由管(guan)(guan)(guan)體、前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格帽、后定(ding)(ding)格堵構成，管(guan)(guan)(guan)體為塑(su)性(xing)材料制(zhi)成，呈管(guan)(guan)(guan)狀，管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)小于正常(chang)炮(pao)眼(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)，長度可隨爆破需要(yao)生(sheng)產，管(guan)(guan)(guan)體兩(liang)端(duan)各有(you)外(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)，兩(liang)端(duan)外(wai)(wai)螺(luo)紋(wen)間有(you)一(yi)縱(zong)向切(qie)縫(feng)(feng)，切(qie)縫(feng)(feng)間等距(ju)有(you)加(jia)強筋，前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格帽呈傘(san)狀，傘(san)形(xing)尖有(you)一(yi)光孔，兩(liang)側直(zhi)壁內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)螺(luo)紋(wen)，與管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)前端(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)，帽體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)大(da)于管(guan)(guan)(guan)體，后定(ding)(ding)格堵為一(yi)封蓋，外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)直(zhi)徑(jing)大(da)于管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)，與前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格帽外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)一(yi)致，后定(ding)(ding)格堵內(nei)徑(jing)有(you)螺(luo)紋(wen)，與管(guan)(guan)(guan)體外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)后端(duan)螺(luo)紋(wen)配(pei)合(he)。可根據(ju)炮(pao)眼(yan)深度采用(yong)合(he)適的聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體，不需其他工具幫助送入炮(pao)眼(yan)，切(qie)縫(feng)(feng)方向準(zhun)確，兩(liang)端(duan)的前錐形(xing)定(ding)(ding)格帽和后定(ding)(ding)格堵外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)與炮(pao)眼(yan)內(nei)徑(jing)一(yi)致，保(bao)證聚能管(guan)(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)體同心，定(ding)(ding)向準(zhun)確。且利于工業(ye)化生(sheng)產，作業(ye)安全

在(zai)(zai)(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)，常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)有(you)(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)(dao)火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)、導(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)是利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)使雷(lei)管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)，進而起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)藥的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)。它所(suo)(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)器材有(you)(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管、導(dao)(dao)線和(he)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的(de)(de)(de)連接形式，要根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方法(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規模(mo)、工程的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要性、所(suo)(suo)選起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及(ji)其起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)(neng)力等進行(xing)選擇，基本(ben)連接方式有(you)(you)(you)：串聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串并(bing)聯(lian)和(he)并(bing)串聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)具有(you)(you)(you)較安全、可(ke)靠、準(zhun)確、高(gao)效等優(you)點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國內外仍占有(you)(you)(you)較大(da)比重(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)大(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)，主(zhu)要仍是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)瓦斯、礦塵(chen)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的(de)(de)(de)干擾而發生(sheng)早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)雜(za)散(san)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，不能(neng)(neng)使用(yong)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管。