預裂與光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)歷史與現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)：預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)設(she)計開(kai)(kai)挖邊界(jie)布置密(mi)集炮孔，采取(qu)不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低威力(li)炸(zha)藥，在主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)之前起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，從而在爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)與保留(liu)(liu)區(qu)之間形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)預裂縫(feng)，以減弱主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)(liu)巖體(ti)的(de)破(po)(po)(po)(po)壞并形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)平整輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)沿(yan)設(she)計開(kai)(kai)挖邊界(jie)布設(she)密(mi)集炮孔，采用不耦(ou)合(he)裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低威力(li)炸(zha)藥，在主(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區(qu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)平整的(de)開(kai)(kai)挖輪廓(kuo)面(mian)(mian)的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術的(de)發展是(shi)(shi)先出現光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍生發展為預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。聚(ju)能(neng)管國內歷史與現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，我國于1964～1965年在湖(hu)北陸水(shui)水(shui)電站施工中(zhong)做過(guo)淺孔預裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)試(shi)驗(yan)，1965年鐵道部門在成(cheng)(cheng)昆鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)開(kai)(kai)始試(shi)驗(yan)光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，1977年在西延(yan)線張家船工點，全(quan)長近200m的(de)2000m2路(lu)塹邊坡全(quan)部采用光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊坡平整穩定，殘留(liu)(liu)的(de)半孔清晰可(ke)見，是(shi)(shi)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)采用路(lu)塹光(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。

我國于(yu)1983年(nian)制定了(le)(le)(le)《水(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖行(xing)基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一(yi)1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)利水(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設(she)中預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)已成為必須(xu)進行(xing)的(de)(de)保護邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)質量(liang)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)礎(chu)上修(xiu)訂(ding)的(de)(de)《水(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖石基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一(yi)1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)電(dian)水(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)工(gong)建(jian)筑(zhu)物巖石基(ji)礎(chu)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)均(jun)被編(bian)入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正(zheng)在(zai)修(xiu)編(bian)為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規(gui)(gui)定了(le)(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)巖石邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)，設(she)計(ji)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)坡(po)(po)(po)度為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)工(gong)都應采用(yong)光面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)或預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)(le)光面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)原則(ze)和(he)(he)參數、安全措施(shi)，而且還明(ming)確了(le)(le)(le)路(lu)塹邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)光面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)項(xiang)目質量(liang)驗收檢測(ce)數量(liang)和(he)(he)檢測(ce)方法(fa)。無(wu)疑該規(gui)(gui)程的(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)，有力地推動和(he)(he)促進了(le)(le)(le)光面(mian)(預(yu)(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)應用(yong)與發展。

各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)、爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材銷(xiao)毀以及爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材意(yi)外(wai)爆(bao)(bao)炸時(shi)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)源與人員和其(qi)他保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)的安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離應取各(ge)種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)效應（地(di)震、沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)波(bo)(bo)、飛(fei)石、有(you)毒氣體等）分(fen)別(bie)(bie)核定(ding)的大值(zhi)。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)時(shi)，必然產(chan)生(sheng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)震、空氣沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)波(bo)(bo)、碎石飛(fei)散(san)及有(you)害(hai)氣體，因此，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)設計時(shi)必須(xu)(xu)確(que)(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)危害(hai)范圍，并確(que)(que)定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)點(dian)到附(fu)近人員、設備、建(jian)筑物及井巷等的安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，這一段(duan)(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離就稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離。如何控制好這段(duan)(duan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離就顯的尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)要。為(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)證爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)點(dian)與人員或其(qi)他應保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)必須(xu)(xu)保(bao)(bao)持短(duan)的相隔長(chang)度。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害(hai)效應隨距(ju)(ju)(ju)離的增加有(you)規(gui)(gui)律(lv)地(di)衰減，用距(ju)(ju)(ju)離作為(wei)(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)尺度可限定(ding)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)有(you)害(hai)效應在允(yun)許(xu)限度之(zhi)(zhi)內。中國《爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)規(gui)(gui)程》規(gui)(gui)定(ding)了爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)地(di)震安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離，個別(bie)(bie)飛(fei)散(san)物安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離，以及爆(bao)(bao)炸沖(chong)擊(ji)(ji)波(bo)(bo)的安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)距(ju)(ju)(ju)離。

專業雙向爆破聚能管聚能包由炸、形罩、隔板、殼體、引信和支架等部分組成，其作用及對聚能包威力的影響分述如下。1．炸，炸是聚能管爆破的能源，炸的爆壓越大，聚能彈威力越大；為得到高爆壓，需高爆速、高密度的炸。常用炸有梯恩梯、8321炸等，裝方法有熔鑄，塑裝和壓裝多種。2．型罩，型罩的作用是把炸的爆炸能轉化成罩體材料的射流動能，從而提高其穿透和切割能力。雙向爆破聚能管價格型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的材料(liao)必須滿(man)足四(si)點(dian)要(yao)求，即可(ke)壓縮性小、密度高(gao)、塑性和(he)延展性好(hao)，在(zai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流(liu)中(zhong)(zhong)不汽(qi)化。大量試(shi)驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)效果(guo)好(hao)，其次(ci)為(wei)鑄鐵、鋼(gang)和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)的形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種多樣，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)、半球形(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇(la)叭形(xing)(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的有(you)用(yong)于切割(ge)屬板(ban)材的直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于切割(ge)管(guan)材的環形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能罩(zhao)兩種；中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種球形(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能包，中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)空腔(qiang)和(he)球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)，球形(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)外敷設炸，若能在(zai)瞬間同(tong)時起爆，可(ke)在(zai)空腔(qiang)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)點(dian)獲得極大的能量集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)工程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的是軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面(mian)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)。

光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆破技術(shu)優(you)勢：相(xiang)對于(yu)傳統爆破工藝，聚能管光(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆破比(bi)常規爆破具(ju)有以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下優(you)勢∶少(shao)(shao)打眼，少(shao)(shao)裝(zhuang)藥。節約(yue)周邊(bian)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)量(liang)50%，總鉆(zhan)孔(kong)進(jin)(jin)尺減少(shao)(shao)30%；節約(yue)炸藥10～20%，雷(lei)管30%。節約(yue)噴(pen)漿(jiang)料15-20%。節省時(shi)間∶每循環鉆(zhan)孔(kong)、裝(zhuang)藥、噴(pen)漿(jiang)時(shi)間1.5-2.0小時(shi)。在(zai)安全方面(mian)利用水沙袋(dai)替(ti)代(dai)炮泥，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)避免(mian)搗炮泥損毀(hui)電雷(lei)管導線，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)瞎炮。大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)對圍巖擾(rao)動，光(guang)(guang)面(mian)效果好，巖性(xing)(xing)條件差情況下可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)超挖量(liang)，控制巷(xiang)道成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)；巖性(xing)(xing)完整(zheng)無節理情況下眼痕(hen)率可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)達到(dao)(dao)90%以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上，巷(xiang)道成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)好，穩定性(xing)(xing)強(qiang)。布孔(kong)方式優(you)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)多(duo)排掏槽布孔(kong)，單次掘進(jin)(jin)深度可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)優(you)化(hua)提高10%到(dao)(dao)15%不等。由于(yu)炮孔(kong)數(shu)量(liang)大(da)大(da)減少(shao)(shao)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)考慮一起(qi)全斷面(mian)起(qi)爆，節省放炮時(shi)間。

專(zhuan)注爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)聚能管(guan)(guan)批發銷售。隨著(zhu)中國現代化建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業環(huan)境越來(lai)(lai)越復雜，對爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)全的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)可能也(ye)會越來(lai)(lai)越高。盡管(guan)(guan)我們(men)工(gong)程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術已達(da)到(dao)很高水平，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業是(shi)一(yi)項(xiang)危險性的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)，大(da)家知道，一(yi)次爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)事故，可能會造成(cheng)(cheng)人民生命和(he)(he)財產的(de)(de)(de)損失，也(ye)可能導致環(huan)境受到(dao)破(po)壞。為了(le)安(an)全，在工(gong)程(cheng)實踐中，往往有許多要求(qiu)和(he)(he)標準需(xu)要我們(men)努力去(qu)解(jie)決，比如嚴格(ge)(ge)控制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)的(de)(de)(de)振動效應、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)沖擊(ji)波、噪聲、粉塵等影響(xiang)，要預防電干(gan)擾等對爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業的(de)(de)(de)威脅，還要關注水土保持、環(huan)境保護等問題。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)作(zuo)業的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全問題一(yi)直是(shi)各方(fang)面所重視(shi)的(de)(de)(de)問題，已形成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)一(yi)種專(zhuan)業化的(de)(de)(de)規范、制度和(he)(he)技(ji)術。如中國自1992年頒(ban)布《拆除(chu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)安(an)全規程(cheng)》，通過拆除(chu)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)分(fen)級管(guan)(guan)理(li)、承擔單位(wei)及人員(yuan)資格(ge)(ge)審查、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術人員(yuan)培訓(xun)與(yu)考核、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)設(she)計審查與(yu)安(an)全評估等規定，有力地(di)推動了(le)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)，取得了(le)顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)效。