預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)與(yu)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)歷史與(yu)現狀：預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布(bu)置密(mi)集(ji)(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采(cai)(cai)取不(bu)耦(ou)合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低(di)威(wei)(wei)力炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)區之前起爆(bao)(bao)，從而在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)區與(yu)保留(liu)區之間(jian)形成(cheng)(cheng)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)縫，以減弱主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)對保留(liu)巖體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)破(po)(po)(po)壞(huai)并形成(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)整輪(lun)廓面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)是(shi)沿設(she)計開(kai)挖邊(bian)界布(bu)設(she)密(mi)集(ji)(ji)炮孔(kong)(kong)，采(cai)(cai)用不(bu)耦(ou)合裝(zhuang)藥或裝(zhuang)填低(di)威(wei)(wei)力炸藥，在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)爆(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)之后(hou)起爆(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)以形成(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)整的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖輪(lun)廓面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)作(zuo)業。爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)是(shi)先出現光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，然后(hou)衍(yan)生發展(zhan)為預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。聚能管國(guo)(guo)內歷史與(yu)現狀，我國(guo)(guo)于1964～1965年在(zai)湖北陸水(shui)水(shui)電站(zhan)施工中做過淺(qian)孔(kong)(kong)預裂(lie)(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)試驗，1965年鐵道部(bu)門在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)昆鐵路建(jian)設(she)中開(kai)始試驗光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，1977年在(zai)西(xi)延線(xian)張(zhang)家船工點，全長近200m的(de)(de)(de)2000m2路塹邊(bian)坡全部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)，爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)后(hou)邊(bian)坡平(ping)整穩定，殘留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)半孔(kong)(kong)清晰(xi)可(ke)見，是(shi)鐵路建(jian)設(she)中采(cai)(cai)用路塹光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)。

火索起爆法，導火索起爆法是利用導火索傳遞火焰點燃火雷管進而起爆炸藥。這種起爆法所需的材料有：導火索、火雷管和點火材料。專用c型聚能管導火索起爆法操作簡單、靈活，使用方便，成本較低，廣泛應用于小型爆破和掘進。由于導火索的速燃、緩燃等弊病，在爆破中事故所占比重最大。不能多處裝藥同時起爆。導爆索起爆法，c型聚能管價格用(yong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)直(zhi)接起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥包的(de)(de)方法叫導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。先用(yong)雷(lei)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)，當(dang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波(bo)傳(chuan)至炸(zha)藥包時，將(jiang)炸(zha)藥引爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。在需要延時分段(duan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)地(di)方，將(jiang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)中接入繼(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)，就能達到導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)毫秒爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。這(zhe)種爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破法所需起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)材(cai)料有：雷(lei)管(guan)、導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)和(he)繼(ji)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)等。導(dao)(dao)(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路常用(yong)的(de)(de)有：串聯(lian)(lian)(lian)、簇并聯(lian)(lian)(lian)、單向(xiang)分段(duan)并聯(lian)(lian)(lian)和(he)雙向(xiang)分段(duan)并聯(lian)(lian)(lian)等。

施工因其復雜性、專業(ye)性、危險性，稍有不(bu)慎，將(jiang)對人(ren)(ren)民的(de)(de)生命財(cai)產(chan)(chan)安全(quan)造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)可估量(liang)的(de)(de)損失(shi)，例如廣東宏(hong)大寧夏(xia)“10.16”、山(shan)東保利“5.20”等(deng)重大安全(quan)事故(gu)。因此，相(xiang)較其他(ta)行業(ye)，國家(jia)出(chu)臺的(de)(de)相(xiang)關(guan)法(fa)律法(fa)規多、專、嚴(yan)，從爆(bao)(bao)破材料(liao)（炸藥、雷管(guan)、導爆(bao)(bao)索?管(guan)?及(ji)相(xiang)關(guan)材料(liao)）的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)、購進(jin)、運輸、儲存、發放、布網、連接(jie)、起爆(bao)(bao)、排爆(bao)(bao)等(deng)一系(xi)列程序均有嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)法(fa)律規定和(he)科學的(de)(de)操(cao)作規程，并且(qie)相(xiang)關(guan)從業(ye)單位和(he)人(ren)(ren)員均應取得相(xiang)應資質(zhi)。做(zuo)為各類(lei)爆(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)一種導線，特別不(bu)同(tong)于一般的(de)(de)電(dian)線電(dian)纜，其質(zhi)量(liang)要求及(ji)各項技術參(can)數(shu)也(ye)與(yu)普通電(dian)線電(dian)纜不(bu)同(tong)。部分家(jia)庭作坊(fang)式的(de)(de)電(dian)線電(dian)纜廠無科學的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)工藝、無基本的(de)(de)檢測設(she)備(bei)(bei)、無專業(ye)的(de)(de)技術人(ren)(ren)員，甚至不(bu)知(zhi)道爆(bao)(bao)破線的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)要求和(he)技術參(can)數(shu)，更不(bu)可能制(zhi)訂自己的(de)(de)企業(ye)標準，僅憑(ping)簡陋的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)、以(yi)粗糙的(de)(de)模(mo)仿進(jin)行生產(chan)(chan)經營(ying)活動(dong)，致使(shi)市(shi)場充(chong)斥著假冒偽(wei)劣(lie)產(chan)(chan)品，導致爆(bao)(bao)破中(zhong)提前或延遲起爆(bao)(bao)、盲炮(pao)增加且(qie)強(qiang)制(zhi)排爆(bao)(bao)困難，給人(ren)(ren)身安全(quan)和(he)財(cai)產(chan)(chan)以(yi)及(ji)正常的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)經營(ying)活動(dong)造(zao)成(cheng)了不(bu)可估量(liang)的(de)(de)損失(shi)。

在工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，常用的起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)火索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)(shi)利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而(er)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳(fang)法(fa)(fa)。它所(suo)需的器材有：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)、導(dao)線(xian)和(he)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路(lu)的連(lian)接形式(shi)，要(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破規模、工(gong)程的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性、所(suo)選起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力等進行選擇，基本(ben)連(lian)接方(fang)式(shi)有：串聯(lian)、并(bing)聯(lian)、串并(bing)聯(lian)和(he)并(bing)串聯(lian)等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具(ju)有較安全(quan)、可靠、準(zhun)確(que)、高效等優點(dian)，在國(guo)內外(wai)仍占有較大比重(zhong)(zhong)。在大、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破中，主(zhu)要(yao)仍是(shi)(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)在有瓦斯、礦塵(chen)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的環(huan)境(jing)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)的起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易(yi)受各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號的干(gan)擾而(er)發生(sheng)早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此(ci)在有雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的環(huan)境(jing)中，不能(neng)使用普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)。

的(de)(de)軍事應(ying)用：聚能(neng)(neng)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，早在(zai)二次世界大(da)戰(zhan)期間就在(zai)軍事方面廣泛(fan)應(ying)用。國(guo)內在(zai)聚能(neng)(neng)破(po)甲(jia)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)如大(da)錐(zhui)角反(fan)艦導(dao)彈戰(zhan)斗部和大(da)錐(zhui)角反(fan)坦克(ke)地雷以及敏感彈戰(zhan)斗部等方面取得了(le)較為快速(su)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)20世紀(ji)60年代打破(po)國(guo)外技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)封(feng)鎖獨立自(zi)主研發(fa)成功原(yuan)子彈就是(shi)(shi)得力于聚能(neng)(neng)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)轟擊(ji)核裝置(zhi)而引爆(bao)原(yuan)子彈。的(de)(de)民爆(bao)應(ying)用——切槽(cao)(cao)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)：聚能(neng)(neng)爆(bao)破(po)用于工(gong)程建設(she)(she)也是(shi)(shi)20世紀(ji)60年代開始的(de)(de)，首先是(shi)(shi)瑞典的(de)(de)U﹒Langefors提(ti)出(chu)孔壁(bi)切槽(cao)(cao)爆(bao)破(po)利用槽(cao)(cao)口應(ying)力集中定向(xiang)開裂的(de)(de)設(she)(she)想，后經W﹒L﹒Fourney驗證是(shi)(shi)有效的(de)(de)。70年代國(guo)外廣泛(fan)研究和應(ying)用了(le)切槽(cao)(cao)爆(bao)破(po)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。