我國于1983年制定了《水工建筑物巖行基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(sD 121l一1983)。自此，礦用型雙向聚能管公司在水利水電建設中預裂爆破與光面爆破已成為必須進行的保護邊坡質量的爆破開挖技術措施。此后在此基礎上修訂的《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(SL 47一1994)以及在《水電水利爆破工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5135—2001)和《水工建筑物巖石基礎開挖工程施工技術規范》(DL／T 5389～2007)中預裂爆破與光面爆破均被編入并有所改進，DL／T 5135—2001正在修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵道部也不僅規定了凡是Ⅲ級以上的巖石邊坡，設計邊坡坡度為1：0．1～1：0．75，專業礦用型雙向聚能管在(zai)邊(bian)坡部位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破設(she)計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工都(dou)應(ying)采用(yong)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破或預(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)破，并闡(chan)述了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破施(shi)工技(ji)術設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)原則和(he)參數、安全(quan)措施(shi)，而(er)且還明確了路(lu)塹邊(bian)坡光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破項目質(zhi)量驗收檢(jian)測(ce)數量和(he)檢(jian)測(ce)方法。無(wu)疑該規程的(de)(de)實施(shi)，有力地(di)推動和(he)促(cu)進了光(guang)面(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂)爆(bao)(bao)破技(ji)術在(zai)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設(she)中的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)與發展。

施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝嚴格遵循六(liu)字方針(掛滿、貼緊(jin)、對準)：(1)要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)打(da)(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)必(bi)須(xu)按技術要(yao)求(qiu)合理布置。(2)要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證掏槽眼(yan)(yan)(yan)以及其(qi)他(ta)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)打(da)(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang),一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)在(zai)規定(ding)位(wei)置上打(da)(da)眼(yan)(yan)(yan);二要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)深度和(he)角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管裝藥時,要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證乳化炸藥在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管中(zhong)空(kong)內壁中(zhong)填充飽滿不得有空(kong)隙出(chu)現時以產生拒爆(bao)。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管在(zai)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)裝填時,要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)兩條聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽指向(xiang)巷道輪(lun)廓線(xian)方向(xiang)并(bing)且各個炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽軸線(xian)方面要(yao)保(bao)(bao)證相互連接在(zai)隧道輪(lun)廓線(xian)上。否則成型效(xiao)果不僅不好(hao),反而更差。(5)保(bao)(bao)證炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)(yan)(yan)堵塞質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。(6)放炮(pao)(pao)員應提前按規定(ding)裝好(hao)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的(de)(de)炸藥,并(bing)做好(hao)準備工(gong)(gong)作。試用范圍:一(yi)級至五(wu)級圍巖的(de)(de)光(guang)面爆(bao)破工(gong)(gong)程。

在(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中，常用(yong)(yong)的起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導火索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索(suo)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)(guan)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能使(shi)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進(jin)而起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法(fa)(fa)(fa)。它所需(xu)的器材(cai)有(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)、導線和(he)起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連接(jie)(jie)形式(shi)(shi)，要(yao)(yao)根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)規模(mo)、工程的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性、所選起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能力等(deng)(deng)進(jin)行選擇，基本連接(jie)(jie)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)有(you)：串聯(lian)、并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)、串并(bing)(bing)聯(lian)和(he)并(bing)(bing)串聯(lian)等(deng)(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)具有(you)較(jiao)安全、可靠、準確、高效等(deng)(deng)優點，在(zai)國內外仍占有(you)較(jiao)大比重(zhong)。在(zai)大、中型(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)中，主要(yao)(yao)仍是用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在(zai)有(you)瓦斯、礦塵(chen)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的環境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主要(yao)(yao)的起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力起(qi)(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受(shou)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號的干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在(zai)有(you)雜散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)(lei)(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的環境中，不能使(shi)用(yong)(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷(lei)(lei)(lei)管(guan)(guan)。

水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)(po)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)(po)，在(zai)周(zhou)(zhou)邊眼單循環火工(gong)品使用(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)上節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)8.3%，周(zhou)(zhou)邊眼鉆孔數(shu)量(liang)從39個下降為23個費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每(mei)延(yan)米節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米。水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)(po)比水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)(po)每(mei)循環節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延(yan)米節(jie)約(yue)76較元，節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)比例達32%。此(ci)外，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)光面爆破(po)(po)(po)能有效(xiao)(xiao)降低(di)隧道(dao)(dao)內(nei)石(shi)渣塊(kuai)度和(he)粉塵(chen)含量(liang)，還可(ke)(ke)使通風時間有效(xiao)(xiao)縮短33%。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)(guan)光面爆破(po)(po)(po)工(gong)藝技術(shu)很(hen)(hen)成(cheng)熟(shu)、可(ke)(ke)操作性很(hen)(hen)強、材料成(cheng)本很(hen)(hen)低(di)、施工(gong)速度很(hen)(hen)快、節(jie)能環保效(xiao)(xiao)果很(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益社(she)會效(xiao)(xiao)益很(hen)(hen)高。聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)(guan)定(ding)向爆破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)是(shi)近(jin)幾年發展起(qi)來的一項掘進新技術(shu),這種爆破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)與傳統的光面爆破(po)(po)(po)技術(shu)有一定(ding)的差別(bie),聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)(guan)定(ding)向爆破(po)(po)(po)原(yuan)理是(shi)在(zai)巷道(dao)(dao)周(zhou)(zhou)邊眼中,將(jiang)炸裝(zhuang)在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)(guan)中起(qi)爆,爆破(po)(po)(po)時利用(yong)(yong)(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能管(guan)(guan)的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)能作用(yong)(yong)(yong),以減(jian)少(shao)裂隙的數(shu)量(liang)和(he)控制(zhi)優勢裂隙的發展方(fang)向。

聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)由炸(zha)、形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板、殼體(ti)(ti)、引(yin)信和(he)支架等(deng)(deng)部分組成，其作用(yong)及對(dui)聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)威力的(de)(de)影響分述如下(xia)。1．炸(zha)，炸(zha)是聚能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)爆(bao)破的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源，炸(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)壓(ya)越大，聚能(neng)(neng)彈威力越大；為(wei)得(de)到(dao)高(gao)爆(bao)壓(ya)，需高(gao)爆(bao)速、高(gao)密度(du)的(de)(de)炸(zha)。常(chang)用(yong)炸(zha)有梯恩梯、8321炸(zha)等(deng)(deng)，裝方法有熔(rong)鑄，塑(su)裝和(he)壓(ya)裝多種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是把炸(zha)的(de)(de)爆(bao)炸(zha)能(neng)(neng)轉化成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體(ti)(ti)材料(liao)的(de)(de)射流動(dong)能(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)其穿透和(he)切(qie)割能(neng)(neng)力。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)材料(liao)必須滿足四點要(yao)求，即(ji)可壓(ya)縮性小(xiao)、密度(du)高(gao)、塑(su)性和(he)延展性好，在形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成射流中不(bu)汽化。大量試驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制作型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果(guo)好，其次(ci)為(wei)鑄鐵(tie)、鋼(gang)和(he)陶瓷。型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀多種(zhong)(zhong)多樣，主(zhu)要(yao)有軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，如圓錐形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、半(ban)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、拋物線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)喇(la)叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)(deng)；面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，常(chang)見的(de)(de)有用(yong)于切(qie)割屬板材的(de)(de)直線(xian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于切(qie)割管(guan)(guan)材的(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)；中心對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)聚能(neng)(neng)包(bao)，中心有球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設(she)炸(zha)，若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時(shi)起爆(bao)，可在空(kong)腔中心點獲得(de)極大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量集中。在工程中常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)是軸對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)面對(dui)稱(cheng)型(xing)(xing)兩(liang)類型(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。