我(wo)國于1983年制定了(le)(le)(le)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖行(xing)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(sD 121l一1983)。自此(ci)，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)建設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)已成為必須(xu)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)保護邊坡(po)(po)質量的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)開挖(wa)技(ji)術(shu)措施(shi)(shi)。此(ci)后在(zai)此(ci)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上修訂的(de)(de)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖石(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(SL 47一1994)以及在(zai)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5135—2001)和(he)(he)《水(shui)(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建筑物巖石(shi)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》(DL／T 5389～2007)中(zhong)預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)與(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)均被編入并有(you)所改進(jin)，DL／T 5135—2001正在(zai)修編為DL／T 5135—2012。鐵(tie)道(dao)部(bu)也不(bu)僅規(gui)定了(le)(le)(le)凡是Ⅲ級以上的(de)(de)巖石(shi)邊坡(po)(po)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)邊坡(po)(po)坡(po)(po)度(du)為1：0．1～1：0．75，在(zai)邊坡(po)(po)部(bu)位的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都應采用光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)或預(yu)裂(lie)(lie)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，并闡述了(le)(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)原則(ze)和(he)(he)參數、安全(quan)措施(shi)(shi)，而(er)且還明確了(le)(le)(le)路(lu)(lu)塹邊坡(po)(po)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)項目質量驗收檢測數量和(he)(he)檢測方法。無疑該(gai)規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)，有(you)力地推動和(he)(he)促進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(預(yu)裂(lie)(lie))爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術(shu)在(zai)鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)建設(she)(she)(she)中(zhong)的(de)(de)應用與(yu)發展。

施工(gong)工(gong)藝嚴格遵循(xun)六(liu)字方針(掛滿、貼(tie)緊、對(dui)準(zhun))：(1)要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)打眼(yan)質量(liang),炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)必須按技(ji)術要(yao)求合理(li)布(bu)置(zhi)。(2)要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)掏槽眼(yan)以及其他眼(yan)眼(yan)的打眼(yan)質量(liang),一定(ding)要(yao)在(zai)規定(ding)位置(zhi)上打眼(yan);二要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)深度和角度。(3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管裝藥(yao)時,要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)乳化(hua)炸藥(yao)在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管中(zhong)空內壁中(zhong)填充飽滿不(bu)得有空隙出(chu)現時以產生拒爆。(4)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管在(zai)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)中(zhong)裝填時,要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的兩條聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽指向(xiang)巷道(dao)輪廓線(xian)(xian)方向(xiang)并且(qie)各個炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽軸線(xian)(xian)方面(mian)要(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)相互(hu)連接在(zai)隧道(dao)輪廓線(xian)(xian)上。否則成型效果不(bu)僅不(bu)好(hao)(hao),反而更差。(5)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)炮(pao)(pao)眼(yan)堵塞質量(liang)。(6)放炮(pao)(pao)員應提前(qian)按規定(ding)裝好(hao)(hao)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管的炸藥(yao),并做好(hao)(hao)準(zhun)備工(gong)作。試(shi)用(yong)范圍:一級至五級圍巖的光面(mian)爆破工(gong)程。

專用深孔爆破多向聚能管水壓光面爆破較水壓光面爆破，在周邊眼單循環火工品使用量上節約費用8.3%，周邊眼鉆孔數量從39個下降為23個費用節約41%，混凝土噴射每延米節約1.37立方米。清遠深孔爆破多向聚能管水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)比水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)每循環(huan)節約費(fei)用258.4元(yuan)，即每延米節約76較(jiao)元(yuan)，節約費(fei)用比例達32%。此(ci)外，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)水壓光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)能(neng)(neng)有效降(jiang)低(di)隧道內石渣塊度和(he)(he)粉塵含量，還可使通(tong)風時(shi)間有效縮(suo)短33%。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)工藝(yi)技(ji)術(shu)很(hen)(hen)成(cheng)熟、可操作(zuo)性很(hen)(hen)強、材料(liao)成(cheng)本很(hen)(hen)低(di)、施工速度很(hen)(hen)快、節能(neng)(neng)環(huan)保效果很(hen)(hen)顯著、經濟(ji)效益(yi)社(she)會效益(yi)很(hen)(hen)高。聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)是近幾年發展起來的(de)(de)一項掘進新技(ji)術(shu),這種爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)與(yu)傳統的(de)(de)光(guang)面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技(ji)術(shu)有一定的(de)(de)差別(bie),聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)原理是在巷道周邊眼中(zhong),將(jiang)炸裝在聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)起爆(bao)(bao),爆(bao)(bao)破(po)時(shi)利用聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)作(zuo)用,以減少裂隙的(de)(de)數量和(he)(he)控(kong)制優勢(shi)裂隙的(de)(de)發展方向。

水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)隧(sui)道掘進(jin)作業中的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)應用。提(ti)升光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)水平、嚴抓隧(sui)道超挖管(guan)控(kong)進(jin)行了介紹。聚能水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)工(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術(shu)很(hen)成熟、可操作性很(hen)強、材料(liao)成本很(hen)低、施工(gong)速度(du)很(hen)快、節能環保(bao)效(xiao)果很(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)益社(she)會效(xiao)益很(hen)高(gao)。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)提(ti)高(gao)對推(tui)廣該(gai)項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)重要(yao)(yao)性和必(bi)然性的(de)(de)(de)認識(shi);二(er)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)樹立必(bi)須采取聚能水壓(ya)(ya)光面(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)的(de)(de)(de)意識(shi);三是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)堅持(chi)(chi)培(pei)訓、示范、監督(du)“三位一(yi)體”;四是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)制定切實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)獎懲制度(du);五是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)建立檢查監督(du)機制，持(chi)(chi)續(xu)促進(jin)該(gai)項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)深(shen)入(ru)推(tui)廣。在(zai)隧(sui)道施工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)現場管(guan)理、科技(ji)(ji)創新、人才(cai)培(pei)養、經濟效(xiao)益等方面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足。建議(yi)對施工(gong)一(yi)線基礎(chu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)工(gong)作扎(zha)實(shi)(shi)推(tui)進(jin);對新工(gong)藝、先進(jin)工(gong)法要(yao)(yao)深(shen)入(ru)學習鉆研;對消(xiao)極(ji)懈怠、故(gu)步自封(feng)的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想要(yao)(yao)堅決抵制。

是(shi)將炸藥(yao)裝在(zai)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)內，兩頭均放置了(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)(dai)，聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)炸產(chan)生的高(gao)溫高(gao)壓(ya)射流，讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)(dai)產(chan)生“水(shui)(shui)(shui)楔”效應,使(shi)圍巖(yan)裂縫加劇延伸擴展。它是(shi)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)基礎上(shang)(shang)發(fa)展起來的一項新技術(shu)，區別只(zhi)是(shi)在(zai)周邊眼中安裝專(zhuan)用線性聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管(guan)替代常規爆(bao)(bao)破(po)藥(yao)卷和傳爆(bao)(bao)線，只(zhi)要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)七大關(guan)鍵環節(jie)：水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)(dai)挺拔飽滿、炮(pao)泥軟硬適(shi)中、水(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai)(dai)裝填(tian)到(dao)底、炮(pao)泥回(hui)填(tian)到(dao)口(kou)、木棍逐節(jie)搗固(gu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)藥(yao)緊密(mi)相連(lian)、槽面必須平行(xing)，就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)對控制超欠挖起到(dao)良好效果。在(zai)推廣水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)的基礎上(shang)(shang)，去年9月(yue)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)的成果上(shang)(shang)，今年更為深入地在(zai)興泉鐵路大嶺隧道、牡佳鐵路麻山隧道采用了(le)此項技術(shu)，積累了(le)成功經驗。