專業礦用型雙向聚能管預裂與光面爆破技術的歷史與現狀：預裂爆破是沿設計開挖邊界布置密集炮孔，采取不耦合裝藥或裝填低威力炸藥，在主爆區之前起爆，從而在爆區與保留區之間形成預裂縫，以減弱主爆破對保留巖體的破壞并形成平整輪廓面的爆破作業。礦用型雙向聚能管價格光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破是沿設計開挖邊界布(bu)設密集(ji)炮孔，采(cai)用(yong)不耦(ou)合裝藥或(huo)裝填低威(wei)力炸(zha)藥，在(zai)(zai)主爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破之后起爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)以形(xing)成平整的(de)開挖輪(lun)廓面的(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破作業。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破技術的(de)發展是先(xian)出現(xian)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破，然后衍(yan)生發展為預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破。聚能管(guan)國(guo)內(nei)歷史與現(xian)狀，我(wo)國(guo)于(yu)1964～1965年(nian)在(zai)(zai)湖北陸水水電站施(shi)工中(zhong)做過(guo)淺(qian)孔預(yu)(yu)裂爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破試驗，1965年(nian)鐵道部門在(zai)(zai)成昆鐵路建(jian)設中(zhong)開始試驗光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破，1977年(nian)在(zai)(zai)西延線張家船工點，全長(chang)近200m的(de)2000m2路塹邊坡(po)全部采(cai)用(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破后邊坡(po)平整穩定，殘留的(de)半孔清晰可見，是鐵路建(jian)設中(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)路塹光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破。

在(zai)(zai)(zai)工程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導火索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法是(shi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)使雷管爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸，進(jin)而(er)(er)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸藥的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳法。它所需(xu)的器(qi)材有(you)(you)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管、導線和(he)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網路的連接形式，要根(gen)據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方(fang)法、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規(gui)模、工程的重要性(xing)、所選起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力(li)等(deng)(deng)進(jin)行選擇，基本連接方(fang)式有(you)(you)：串聯(lian)(lian)、并聯(lian)(lian)、串并聯(lian)(lian)和(he)并串聯(lian)(lian)等(deng)(deng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法具有(you)(you)較安全(quan)、可靠(kao)、準確、高效等(deng)(deng)優點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國內(nei)外仍(reng)(reng)占有(you)(you)較大比重。在(zai)(zai)(zai)大、中型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中，主要仍(reng)(reng)是(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別(bie)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)瓦斯(si)、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸的環境中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是(shi)主要的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方(fang)法。但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容(rong)易受各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號的干擾而(er)(er)發生早(zao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因(yin)此在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)雜(za)散電(dian)(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)、雷電(dian)(dian)(dian)、射(she)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)、高壓感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的環境中，不能(neng)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)雷管。

我國20世紀60年(nian)代(dai)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)力學(xue)對巖(yan)石損傷引(yin)起的(de)裂(lie)(lie)紋擴展(zhan)進行過試(shi)驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，為聚能(neng)(neng)爆破技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)到工程做了(le)不少理論分析，也取得(de)一(yi)些(xie)進展(zhan)。80年(nian)代(dai)中(zhong)期開始進行應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，以北京礦(kuang)業學(xue)院為代(dai)表(biao)，著重(zhong)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)了(le)聚能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)包(bao)切(qie)割(ge)饑理和應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。1987年(nian)淮(huai)南(nan)礦(kuang)業學(xue)院取得(de)“雙(shuang)面(mian)切(qie)割(ge)器(qi)”的(de)zhuanli，1995年(nian)又取得(de)“大理石花崗巖(yan)切(qie)割(ge)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)”zhuanli。1991年(nian)中(zhong)國水(shui)電七局(ju)曾試(shi)圖(tu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)硬質紙加(jia)工聚能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)管成(cheng)形聚能(neng)(neng)藥(yao)卷做過聚能(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)(lie)爆破試(shi)驗研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)，但終因當時(shi)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)及工藝水(shui)平的(de)限制(zhi)無法用(yong)(yong)(yong)于正常施(shi)工，但是他們開了(le)橢圓雙(shuang)極線性聚能(neng)(neng)結構試(shi)驗的(de)先河。雙(shuang)聚能(neng)(neng)預裂(lie)(lie)與(yu)光(guang)面(mian)爆破綜合技(ji)(ji)術(shu)開創(chuang)輪廓控制(zhi)爆破新時(shi)代(dai)。

發揮巨(ju)大效力的(de)(de)關鍵又在(zai)其上(shang)面(mian)的(de)(de)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”上(shang)。項(xiang)目(mu)部目(mu)前(qian)采用的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管有兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”，通過(guo)這兩個(ge)(ge)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)的(de)(de)作用讓爆(bao)(bao)炸的(de)(de)威(wei)力在(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)中切割出(chu)十(shi)分平順的(de)(de)輪(lun)廓線，的(de)(de)控(kong)制了(le)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)量，有效管控(kong)了(le)超(chao)挖欠挖的(de)(de)現象。為了(le)進一步(bu)嚴格(ge)控(kong)制開(kai)(kai)挖輪(lun)廓，達到提(ti)高光(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)效果(guo)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)，并研究出(chu)了(le)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)管上(shang)兩個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”變為三個(ge)(ge)“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”的(de)(de)發明設(she)計(ji)，目(mu)前(qian)，該(gai)發明設(she)計(ji)已經進入到了(le)試生產(chan)階(jie)段。未來，三“聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)槽(cao)”設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)聚(ju)(ju)能(neng)(neng)水壓爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術將推動中鐵十(shi)四局四公司張吉懷鐵路項(xiang)目(mu)部施工開(kai)(kai)展邁上(shang)一個(ge)(ge)新的(de)(de)臺階(jie)，給項(xiang)目(mu)部帶(dai)來巨(ju)大的(de)(de)經濟(ji)效益(yi)。工程(cheng)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)技術經過(guo)幾十(shi)年的(de)(de)發展，已經滲(shen)透到經濟(ji)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)眾多(duo)領域，特別為中國(guo)的(de)(de)鐵路建(jian)(jian)設(she)、礦山開(kai)(kai)采、城市拆舊定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)等(deng)做出(chu)了(le)重要貢(gong)獻。

給大家介紹下爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破聚能(neng)管的(de)(de)技(ji)術原(yuan)理∶炸藥(yao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)炸產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)轟波(bo)通過(guo)聚能(neng)管的(de)(de)聚能(neng)槽，將(jiang)炸藥(yao)的(de)(de)動能(neng)、勢能(neng)轉換(huan)成(cheng)高壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、高速、高能(neng)的(de)(de)射流(liu)，切割演(yan)示成(cheng)縫(feng)。射流(liu)在(zai)孔(kong)壁產(chan)生(sheng)射流(liu)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力達7000MPa，巖(yan)石動載(zai)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度為200MPa，抗(kang)拉為1/8～1/10的(de)(de)抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)強度，相鄰兩炮孔(kong)互為鄰空面，疊加后的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)波(bo)變為稀疏(shu)波(bo)，在(zai)兩炮眼連(lian)線(xian)上使(shi)巖(yan)石結構斷裂(lie)，形成(cheng)裂(lie)紋。準靜態氣體膨脹，靜態壓(ya)(ya)(ya)力在(zai)兩炮孔(kong)最(zui)短(duan)連(lian)線(xian)兩側產(chan)生(sheng)拉力使(shi)巖(yan)石裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)擴展。根據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破應力集中氣刃作用原(yuan)則，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破氣體沿裂(lie)縫(feng)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)擴大貫通，拋落巖(yan)石。