發(fa)揮巨(ju)大(da)效(xiao)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)又在(zai)其上(shang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)“聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”上(shang)。項(xiang)目部(bu)目前采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)有(you)兩個(ge)(ge)“聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”，通過這兩個(ge)(ge)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用讓爆(bao)(bao)炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)威力(li)(li)在(zai)隧道中切割出(chu)十(shi)(shi)分平(ping)順的(de)(de)(de)(de)輪廓線，的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)了(le)(le)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)量，有(you)效(xiao)管(guan)(guan)控了(le)(le)超挖欠挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象。為了(le)(le)進一步嚴格控制(zhi)開(kai)挖輪廓，達(da)到提高光(guang)面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)效(xiao)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)研究出(chu)了(le)(le)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)(guan)上(shang)兩個(ge)(ge)“聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”變為三個(ge)(ge)“聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明設計(ji)，目前，該發(fa)明設計(ji)已經進入到了(le)(le)試生產階(jie)段。未來(lai)，三“聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)槽(cao)(cao)”設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)聚能(neng)(neng)(neng)水壓爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)將推動中鐵十(shi)(shi)四(si)局四(si)公司張吉(ji)懷鐵路(lu)項(xiang)目部(bu)施工開(kai)展邁上(shang)一個(ge)(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)臺階(jie)，給項(xiang)目部(bu)帶(dai)來(lai)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益。工程爆(bao)(bao)破(po)技術(shu)經過幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，已經滲透到經濟(ji)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)眾多領域(yu)，特別(bie)為中國的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵路(lu)建(jian)設、礦山開(kai)采、城(cheng)市拆舊(jiu)定向爆(bao)(bao)破(po)等(deng)做出(chu)了(le)(le)重要(yao)貢獻。

聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包由炸(zha)(zha)(zha)、形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、隔板(ban)、殼體、引信和(he)支架等部分組成，其作(zuo)用(yong)及(ji)對聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包威力(li)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響分述如(ru)(ru)下(xia)。1．炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)是聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)管爆破的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆壓(ya)越大，聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)彈威力(li)越大；為(wei)得到(dao)高(gao)(gao)爆壓(ya)，需(xu)高(gao)(gao)爆速、高(gao)(gao)密(mi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)。常用(yong)炸(zha)(zha)(zha)有(you)梯(ti)恩梯(ti)、8321炸(zha)(zha)(zha)等，裝(zhuang)方(fang)法有(you)熔鑄，塑裝(zhuang)和(he)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。2．型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是把炸(zha)(zha)(zha)的(de)(de)(de)爆炸(zha)(zha)(zha)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)成罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)體材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)射(she)流(liu)動能(neng)(neng)(neng)，從而提高(gao)(gao)其穿透(tou)和(he)切(qie)割能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)必須(xu)滿足四點要求，即可(ke)壓(ya)縮(suo)性(xing)(xing)小(xiao)、密(mi)度(du)高(gao)(gao)、塑性(xing)(xing)和(he)延展性(xing)(xing)好，在形(xing)(xing)成射(she)流(liu)中不汽化(hua)。大量試(shi)驗證明，用(yong)紫銅制(zhi)作(zuo)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)效果(guo)好，其次為(wei)鑄鐵、鋼和(he)陶(tao)瓷(ci)。型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)狀多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)樣，主要有(you)軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，如(ru)(ru)圓錐形(xing)(xing)、半球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)、拋(pao)物線形(xing)(xing)和(he)喇叭(ba)形(xing)(xing)等；面(mian)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，常見的(de)(de)(de)有(you)用(yong)于切(qie)割屬板(ban)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)線形(xing)(xing)和(he)用(yong)于切(qie)割管材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)兩種(zhong)(zhong)；中心對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，這種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)聚(ju)能(neng)(neng)(neng)包，中心有(you)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)空(kong)腔和(he)球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)，球(qiu)形(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)外敷設炸(zha)(zha)(zha)，若能(neng)(neng)(neng)在瞬間同時(shi)起爆，可(ke)在空(kong)腔中心點獲得極大的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量集(ji)中。在工程中常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是軸(zhou)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)面(mian)對稱(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)兩類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)罩(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破較水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破，在(zai)(zai)周邊眼(yan)單循(xun)環火工(gong)(gong)品使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)上(shang)節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)8.3%，周邊眼(yan)鉆孔(kong)數(shu)量(liang)從39個下降(jiang)為23個費(fei)用(yong)節(jie)約(yue)41%，混凝土噴射每(mei)延(yan)米(mi)(mi)節(jie)約(yue)1.37立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破比(bi)水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破每(mei)循(xun)環節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)258.4元，即每(mei)延(yan)米(mi)(mi)節(jie)約(yue)76較元，節(jie)約(yue)費(fei)用(yong)比(bi)例達32%。此外，聚能管(guan)水壓光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破能有(you)效(xiao)降(jiang)低隧道(dao)內石渣塊度和(he)粉塵含(han)量(liang)，還(huan)可使(shi)通(tong)風時(shi)間有(you)效(xiao)縮短33%。聚能管(guan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破工(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)很(hen)成(cheng)熟、可操作性很(hen)強、材料成(cheng)本很(hen)低、施工(gong)(gong)速度很(hen)快、節(jie)能環保效(xiao)果(guo)很(hen)顯著、經濟效(xiao)益(yi)社會效(xiao)益(yi)很(hen)高。聚能管(guan)定向爆(bao)破技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)是近幾年發展(zhan)起來的(de)一項掘進新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu),這種爆(bao)破技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)與傳統的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)爆(bao)破技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)有(you)一定的(de)差別,聚能管(guan)定向爆(bao)破原理是在(zai)(zai)巷道(dao)周邊眼(yan)中,將炸裝在(zai)(zai)聚能管(guan)中起爆(bao),爆(bao)破時(shi)利用(yong)聚能管(guan)的(de)聚能作用(yong),以減(jian)少裂(lie)隙(xi)(xi)的(de)數(shu)量(liang)和(he)控制優(you)勢裂(lie)隙(xi)(xi)的(de)發展(zhan)方(fang)向。

專業深孔爆破多向聚能管光面爆破技術優勢：相對于傳統爆破工藝，聚能管光面爆破比常規爆破具有以下優勢∶少打眼，少裝藥。節約周邊鉆孔量50%，總鉆孔進尺減少30%；節約炸藥10～20%，雷管30%。節約噴漿料15-20%。節省時間∶每循環鉆孔、裝藥、噴漿時間1.5-2.0小時。深孔爆破多向聚能管價格在安全(quan)方(fang)面(mian)利用水(shui)沙(sha)袋替代(dai)炮(pao)泥，以避免搗炮(pao)泥損毀電雷管導線，造成(cheng)(cheng)瞎(xia)炮(pao)。大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少對(dui)圍巖擾(rao)動，光(guang)面(mian)效(xiao)果好(hao)，巖性條件差(cha)情(qing)況下可(ke)以大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少超挖量(liang)，控制巷道(dao)(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)；巖性完整無節理情(qing)況下眼痕(hen)率(lv)可(ke)以達到(dao)90%以上，巷道(dao)(dao)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)好(hao)，穩定性強(qiang)。布孔方(fang)式優化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)多排掏槽布孔，單次(ci)掘進(jin)深度(du)可(ke)以優化(hua)提(ti)高10%到(dao)15%不等。由于炮(pao)孔數量(liang)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)減少可(ke)以考(kao)慮(lv)一起全(quan)斷(duan)面(mian)起爆，節省放炮(pao)時間。

在工(gong)程爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)，常用(yong)的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)有：電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導火索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)索起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)、導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)管(guan)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)是利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)使雷(lei)管(guan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)，進而起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)藥的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)芳(fang)法(fa)(fa)。它所需的器(qi)材(cai)有：電(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)、導線(xian)和起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)源。電(dian)(dian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)路的連(lian)接形式，要根(gen)據爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)方法(fa)(fa)、爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)規(gui)模(mo)、工(gong)程的重要性、所選起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)電(dian)(dian)源及其起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)能(neng)力(li)(li)等(deng)進行選擇，基(ji)本連(lian)接方式有：串聯、并(bing)(bing)聯、串并(bing)(bing)聯和并(bing)(bing)串聯等(deng)。電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)法(fa)(fa)具(ju)有較(jiao)安(an)全、可靠、準確、高(gao)效(xiao)等(deng)優點，在國內外仍占有較(jiao)大(da)(da)比重。在大(da)(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)型爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)中(zhong)(zhong)，主(zhu)要仍是用(yong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。特別是在有瓦(wa)斯、礦塵爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)炸(zha)的環境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)是主(zhu)要的起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方法(fa)(fa)。但電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)起(qi)(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)容易受各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)信號的干擾而發生早爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，因此在有雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)、靜電(dian)(dian)、雷(lei)電(dian)(dian)、射頻電(dian)(dian)、高(gao)壓感應電(dian)(dian)的環境(jing)(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)，不能(neng)使用(yong)普通電(dian)(dian)雷(lei)管(guan)。